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Breviarium.  Selections.  Eng. 
Eutropiua^ 

...Eutropius'  Abridgement  of  Roman  history, 
literally  translated,  with  notes,  by  Rev.  John 
Selby  Watson.   New  York,  Hinds,  ^IS—?,  • 

85  p.   16  cm.    (Handy  literal  translations) 


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1 1 


jl     EUTROPIUS'   ABRIDGEMENT 

ft 

I    --  OF 

ROMAN     HISTORY 


■1    •? 


:<         Literally  Translated,  with  Notes, 
'  BY  REV.  JOHN   SELBY  WATSON 


►       ^ 


'       HINDS   &   NOBLE, 
4  Cooper  INSTITUTE 


Publishers 

New  York  City 


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573  O 


298060 


EUTROPIUS'S 
ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


m- 


TO  THE    EMPEROR  VALENS,  MAXIMUS,  PERPETUUS, 

AUGUSTUa^  ^ 

According  to  tbe  pleasure  of  your  Clemency.t  I  have 
arranged  in  a  brief  narrative,  in  the  order  of  time,  such  par- 
ticulare  in  the  history  of  Rome  as  seemed  most  worthy  of 
notice,  in  transactions  either  of  war  or  peace,  from  the 
foundation  of  the  city  to  our*  own  days ;  adding  concisely, 
also,  such  matters  as  were  remarkable  in  the  lives  of  tho 
emperors;  that  \our  Serenity's  divine  mind  may  rejoice  to 
learn  tliat  it  has  followed  the  actions  of  illustrious  men  in 
governing  the  empire,  before  it  became  acquainted  with  them 
by  reading.J 

•  The  title  nUnds  thus:  Domifo  Valenti  Maximo  Perfetdo 
AuoDSTO.  On  tbe  last  two  words  Twchucke  has  this  note  :  "For 
PervdMO  Atigutio  Sextus  Rufus"  (who  wrote  a  Brevtarum  de  Vtdortts  ct 
PrwimeiiM  PopuU  Rcmuini,  dedicated  to  ValecB),  "haf  in  his  dedication 
Semper  Augutto.  The  Germans  would  say  AUxcit  Mthrtr  da  JUxcht. 
Be«  PUtmun  De  Tiivlo  Semper  Atjgustus,  p.  60."  Twchucke,  apparently, 
took  perpetw  as  an  adverb,  equivalent  to  semper.  But  Cellanus  and 
othenT consider  it  as  an  adjective.  Cellarius  cites,  in  comparison  with 
it*  from  Gruter.  Inscript  p.  285,  n.  8,  V.  N.  ValnUintano  Perpctuo  oc 
/fKci  Semper  Augusto,  and  p.  279.  n.  4.  ^terno  Imperatorx  ^ostro 
Maximo  Optimoque  Principi  Aurelio  VaUriano  Dwrfcttano  ;  adding,  also. 
that  Theodosius  is  called  perennu  princept  in  Ueines,  Class.  Inscr.  m. 
02.  I  have  accordingly  given  Ferpefu)  as  an  adjective.  Sextos 
Rufus's  dedication,  too,  as  edited  by  Cellarius,  Verhcyk,  and  others, 
Las  Perpetuo  Semper  Axiausto. 

t  Mantu^udini$  tiia  J  Similarly,  a  few  lines  below,  he  says  Traiu 
quiHUaii$  tuct  wen,  dixina,  "  your  Serenity's  divine  mind."  The  use  of 
such  titles  gindually  became  common  in  tho  lower  age  of  Pwoinan 
liUrature,  commencing  soon  after  the  reign  of  Tiberius.  They  were 
the  I^arftnta  of  our  highness,  majesty,  excellency,  &c. 

♦  lioweTer  Eutropiua  meant  to  Qatter  Valens,  he  could  not  a»- 

1 


r«'.-s»* 


?T5 


EUTROPIUS'S 

ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


TO  THE   EMPEROR  VALENS,  MAXIMUS,  PERPETUUS, 

AUGUSTUS.*  '' 

According  to  the  pleasure  of  your  Clemency.t  I  have 
arranged  in  a  brief  narraiive,  in  the  order  of  time,  such  par- 
ticulars  in  the  history  of  Rome  as  seemed  most  worthy  of 
notice  in  transactions  either  of  war  or  peace,  from  the 
foundation  of  the  city  to  our'  o^ti  days ;  adding  concisely, 
also  such  matters  as  were  remarkable  in  the  lives  of  tho 
emperors  ;  Uiat  your  Serenity's  divine  mind  may  rejoice  to 
learn  that  it  has  followed  the  actions  of  illustrious  men  in 
governing  the  empire,  before  it  became  acquainted  with  them 
by  reading.:^  .. 

•  The  title  stands  thus :  Domino  Valenti  Maximo  Perpetuo 
AuousTO.  On  the  last  two  words  Tzachucke  has  this  note  :  For 
Penyriw  Augfuto  Sextus  Rufus"  (who  wrote  a  Brcvtarumde  ytdortu  et 
Pr^nciU  Populi  Jicmani,  dedicated  to  Valei:«  "ha.  m  his  dedi^tion 
&mper  Augvsto.  The  Germans  would  ^7//%^  f'^f^'"  <«"  ^'l^' 
See  PUtmun  De  TUtUo  Sen.por  Atig^stus,  y.  60.-  Tzscbncke^  apparently 
iookf>trvetiu>  M  an  wlverb,  equivalent  to  semper.  But  Cellanus  and 
othe^^sider  it  as  an  adjective,  Cellarius  cites,  in  comparison  with 
it,  from  Gruter.  Inscript.  p.  285,  n.  8,  V.  N.  ValeaUnxano  Pcrprtuo  ac 
FeUci  Scfnp^  Augusta,  and  p  279,  n.  4,  ^Urno  Imp^rator,  Castro 
Maximo  Ovfimoque  Prindpi  Aurdio  VaUriano  DwcUtxano;  addmg,  also, 
that  Theodosius  is  called  perennit  prin^eps  m  Reines.  Class.  Inscr.  m. 
62.  I  have  accordingly  given  Perpetuo  as  an  adjective.  Sextus 
Rufus'B  dedication,  too,  as  edited  by  Cellarius,  Verheyk,  and  others, 

^^^^SSuie^fsi^ilarly.  a  few  lines  below  he  snys  Tran- 
QumUatts  tua  men,  divina,  "  your  Serenity's  divme  mind.  The  use  of 
such  titles  gradually  became  common  in  the  lower  age  of  Roman 
liteniture,  commencing  soon  after  the  reign  of  Tibenus.  They  were 
the  parents  of  our  highness,  majesty,  excellency  &c 

-^However  Eutropius  meant  to  flatter  Valens,  he  could  not  as- 

1 


390960 


r-jg-jfef-'-i-aJC. 


•■  -.ji 


•iii'^*'j!'-^^ff   . 


^B^^SP^i 


KT-THftPIUS. 


[B.T. 


BOOK   I. 

Origin  of  Rome,  I.— Characters  and  acta  of  the  seven  kings  of  Rome, 
IL_V  1 1 1.— Appointment  of  consuls  on  the  expulsion  of  Tarquin 
the  Prcud,  IX.— War  raised  by  Tarquin;  he  is  supported  by 
Poraena,  X.  XL— Firat  dictator,  XII.-  Sedition  of  the  people,  and 
origin  of  the  tribunitial  power.  XIIL  — A  victory  over  the  Volaci, 
XIV.  -  Coriolanus,  being  banished,  makes  war  on  his  counti^ 
with  the  aid  of  the  Volsci ;  ia  softened  by  the  entreaties  of  his 
wife  and  mother.  XV. — War  of  the  Fabii  with  the  Vcjentea  j  the 
census,  XVL — Dictatorship  of  Cincinnatus,  XVII.  The  Decem- 
viri, XVIII.— War  with  the  Fidenates,  Vejeutes,  and  VolAci,  XIX. 
— Destruction  of  Rome  by  the  Gauls,  XX. 

I.  The  Roman  empire,  than  which  the  meraoiy  of  man  can 
recal  scarcely  any  one  smaller  in  its  commencement. or  greater  in 
its  progress  throughout  the  world,  had  its  origin  from  llomulus; 
who,  being  the  son  of  a  vestal  virgin,  and,  as  was  supposed,  of 
Mars,  was  brought  forth  at  one  birth  with  his  brother  Remus. 
While  leading  a  predatory  life  among  the  shepherds,  he 
founded,  when  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age,  a  small  city  on  the 
Palatine  Hill,  on  the  21st  day  of  April,  in  the  third  year  of 
the  sixth  Olympiad,  and  the  three  hundred  and  ninety-fourth 
after  the  destruction  of  Troy.* 

•uredly  have  shown  him  better,  than  by  addressing  him  thu»,  to  1j« 
such  as  he  is  described  by  Ammianus  Marcellinua,  lib.  xxix.,  tub- 
ruiticus  homo,  and  xxxi.  41,  Subagrettis  ingcnil,  mc  liheroLtbu*  itudiis 
eruditus. —  finettts.  Some  have  doubted  the  genuineness  of  this  dedi- 
cation to  V^alens,  because  the  Greek  translator  has  not  included  it  in  his 
version  ;  but  the  authority  of  manuscripts,  and  the  resemblance  of  its 
styla  to  that  of  Eutropius,  have  induced  Cellariua,  Verheyk,  Tssohucke, 
and  most  other  commentators,  to  believe  it  genuine. 

•  The  words  lU,  qui  plurimum  minimumqug,  tradunt,  which  occur  in 
fill  editions  before  the  date,  are  not  translated  ;  for  nothing  satisfactory 
has  yet  been  said  as  to  their  grammatical  construction.  Madame 
Dacier  suggested  that  we  should  supply  lU  to*  prcUrream  qui.  Bufc 
praUream  ia  not  to  the  purpose.  Hausius's  explanation  is  tU  ego  inier 
10*  Iradam  qui  plurimum  minimumqui  tradunt.  The  Berlin  edition  of 
1791  interprets  better:  ut  medium  inUr  to*  qui— tradunt,  ego  tradam. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  Eutropius  meant  that  he  would  take  a  middle 
point  between  those  who  give  the  highest  and  those  who  give  the 
lowest  date  ;  but  the  words  to  be  supplied  for  the  construction  seem 
not  to  have  been  yet  discovered.  Perhaps  the  sense  is  "as  those  sAy 
who  give  the  highest  and  lowest  dates,  and  take  a  middle  point  Uticten 
them,"  something  equivalent  to  the  words  in  italics  being  intended  to 
bo  understood.  The  same  words  occur  in  b.  x.  a  18,  with  the  con* 
struction  equally  uncertain. 


\ 


-'P«»»«''Wft**.WJp'  3 


C.  TI.] 


ABRIDGMEirr  OF  ROMAN   HISTORY. 


3 


II.  After  founding  the  city,  which  he  called  Rome,  from  his 
own  name,  he  proceeded  principally  as  follows.  He  took  a 
great  number  of  the  neighbouring  inhabitants  into  the  city ;  he 
chose  a  hundred  of  the  older  men,  by  whose  advice  he  might 
manage  all  his  affairs,  and  whom,  from  their  age,  he  named 
senators.  Next,  as  both  himself  and  his  people  were  in  want 
of  wives,  he  invited  the  tribes  contiguous  to  the  city  to  an 
exhibition  of  games,  and  seized  upon  their  young  women. 
Wars  having  arisen  in  consequence  of  this  outrage  in  cap- 
turing the  females,  he  conquered  the  Caeninenses,  the  Autem- 
nates,  the  Crustumini,  the  Sabines,  the  Fidenates,  and  the 
Vejentes ;  all  whose  towns  lay  around  the  city.  And  since, 
after  a  tempest  that  suddenly  arose,  in  the  thirty-seventh  year 
of  hi3  reign,  he  was  no  longer  to  be  seen,  he  was  lieUeved  to 
have  been  translated  to  the  gods,  and  was  accordingly  deified. 
The  senatoi-s  then  ruled  at  Rome  by  periods  of  five  days ;  and 
under  their  government  a  year  was  passed. 

III.  Afterwards  Numa  Pompilius  was  elected  king,  who 
engaged  indeed  in  no  wars,  but  was  of  no  less  service  to  the 
state  than  Romulus ;  for  he  estabhshed  both  laws  and  customs 
among  the  Romans,  who,  by  the  frequency  of  their  wars,  were 
now  regarded  as  robbers  and  semi-barbarians.  He  divided  the 
year,  before  unregulated  by  any  computation,  into  ten  months; 
and  founded  numerous  sacred  rites  and  temples  at  Rome.  He 
died  a  natural  death  in  the  forty-third  year  of  his  reign. 

»  'IV.  To  him  succeeded  Tullus  Hostilius,  who  re-commenced 
war.  He  conquered  the  Albans,  who  lay  twelve  miles  distant 
from  Rome.  He  overcame  ah>o  in  battle  the  Vejentes  and 
Fidenates,  the  one  six,  the  other  eighteen  miles  from  Rome: 
and  increased  the  dimensions  of  the  city  by  the  addition  of 
the  Coelian  hill.  After  reigning  thirty-two  years,  he  was  struck 
hy  lightning,  and  consumed  together  with  his  house. 

V.  After  him,  Ancus  Martins,  the  grandson  of  Numa  by  a 
daughter,  succeeded  to  the  government.  He  fought  against 
the  iLauns,  added  the  Aventiue  and  Janiculan  hills  to  the  city, 
and  founded  Ostia,  a  city  on  the  sea-coast,  sixteen  miles  from 
Rome.     He  died  a  natural  death  in  the  twentv-fourth  year  of 

his  reign.  ^  ,     •  ,     , 

VI.  Priscus  Tarquinius  was  next  invested  with  the  govern- 
ment.' He  doubled  the  number  of  the  senators,  built  a  Circus 
At  Rome,  and  iosututed  the  Roman  games  which  continue 


EUTR0PIU3. 


fB.L 


ex.] 


ABRIDGMENT   OF   ROMAN    HISTORY. 


even  to  our  time.  He  also  conquered  the  Sabiiies,  and  added 
a  considerable  e.\tent  of  territory,  which  he  took  from  that 
people,  to  the  lands  of  Rome  ;  he  was  also  the  first  that  entered 
the  city  in  triumph.  He  built  the  walls  and  sewers,  and 
commenced  the  Capitol.  He  was  killed  in  the  thirty-eighth 
year  of  his  reign,  by  the  sons  of  Ancus,  the  king  whom  he  had 
succeeded. 

VII.  After  him  Servius  Tullius  was  placed  on  the  throne, 
the  son  of  a  woman  of  noble  origin,  but  who  was,  neverthe- 
less, a  captive  and  a  slave.  He  also  defeated  the  Sabines ; 
annexed  three  hills,  the  Quirinal,  Viminal.  and  Esquiline,  to 
the  city  ;  and  formed  trenches  round  the  city  walls.  He  was 
the  first  to  institute  the  census,  which  till  that  time  was  unknown 
throughout  the  world.  The  people  being  all  subjected  to  a 
census  during  his  reign,  Rome  was  found  to  contain  eighty-four 
thousand  citizens,  including  those  in  the  country.  Ho  was 
cut  off  in  the  forty- fifth  year  of  his  reign,  by  the  criminal 
machinations  of  his  son-in-law  Tarquin  the  Proud,  the  son  of 
the  king  to  whom  he  had  succeeded,  and  of  his  own  daughter, 
whom  Tarquin  had  married. 

VI fl.  Lucius  Tarquinms  Superbus.  the  seventh  and  last  of 
the  kings,  overcame  the  Volsci,  a  nation  not  far  from  Rome, 
on  the  road  to  Campania ;  reduced  the  towns  of  Gabii  and 
Suessa  Pometia ;  made  peace  with  the  Tuscans ;  and  built  a 
temple  to  Jupiter  in  the  Capitol.  Afterwards,  while  he  was 
besieging  Ardea,  a  town  that  lay  about  eighteen  miles  from  the 
city,  he  WP.S  deprived  of  his  throne ;  for,  as  his  younger  son, 
who  was  also  named  Tarquin,  offered  violence  to  Lucretia,  the 
wife  of  Collatinus,  a  most  noble  and  chaste  woman ;  and  as 
she,  after  complaining  to  her  husband,  her  father,  and  her 
friends,  of  the  injury  that  she  had  suffered,  slew  herself  in  the 
sight  of  thom  all ;  Brutus,  in  consequence,  who  was  a 
kinsman  of  Tarquinius.*  excited  an  insurrection  among  the 
people,  and  deprived  Tarquin  of  his  regal  authority.  The 
army,  also,  which  was  engaged  with  the  king  in  besieging 

•  Parent  d  ipH  Tar^juinu.]  This  passage  perplexed  the  commen- 
tators, until  it  was  diacoverad  that  part.is  was  used  by  writers  of  the 
lowbr'ages  for  ccj/wo/uj;  for  which  8cnV.e  of  the  word  Tzschucke  refers 
to  LanipridiuB  in  Alex.  c.  67,  and  to  Caaaubon  on  Capitolinus  in 
M.  Philosoph.  c.  5.  The  Groek  tranilator  b.os  Bpourof  yivu  vpoaifKuy 
ry  TapKwi'iy.     See  Scheller'a  Lexicon,  a-  v.  Parai4, 


'i 


II 


Ardea,  soon  after  deserted  him;   and  the  king  himself, 
going  to  the  city,  found  the  gates  closed  against  him ;  ai^^ 
after  having  reigned  five-and  twenty  years,  was  forced  to  take 
flight  with  his  wife  and  children. 

Thus  a  regal  form  of  government  continued  at  Rome,  under 
seven  kings,  for  the  space  of  two  hundred  and  forty-three 
years,  while  as  yet  the  dominion  of  the  city,  where  its  extent 
was  greatest,  hardly  reached  fifteen  miles. 

IX.  Henceforth,  instead  of  one  king,  two  consuls  werti 
chosen,  with  this  view,  that,  if  one  should  be  disposed  to  act 
unjustly,  the  other,  having  equal  authority,  might  exercise  a 
control  over  him.  It  was  detennined  also  that  they  should 
not  hold  their  oflSce  longer  than  a  year ;  in  order  that  they 
mirht  not,  by  continued  possession  of  power,  grow  too  over- 
bearing; but,  knowing  that  in  a  year  they  would  retam  to 
the  level  of  private  persons,  might  constantly  conduct  them- 
selves with  moderation. 

In  the  first  year,  then,  after  the  expulsion  of  the  king  and 
his  family,  the  consuls  were  Lucius  Junius  Brutus,  who  had 
been  the  chief  agent  in  the  banishment  of  Tarquin,  and  Tar- 
quinius  Collatinus,  the  husband  of  Lucretia.  But  that  dignity 
was  soon  taken  from  Tarquinius  Collatinus ;  for  it  was  enacted 
that  no  one  who  bore  the  name  of  Tarquin  should  remain  in 
the  city.  Having  collected,  therefore,  all  his  private  property, 
he  removed  from  the  city,  and  Valerius  Publicola  was  made 
consul  in  his  sU'ad.  King  Tarquin,  however,  after  his  expul- 
sion, stirred  up  war  against  Rome,  and,  having  collected  a 
large  force  from  all  quarters,  in  order  that  he  might  be  rein- 
stated on  the  throne,  took  the  field. 

X.  In  the  first  emx)unter. Brutus  and  Aruns,  Tarquin's  son, 
killed  each  other;  but  the  Romans  left  the  field  conqueroi-s. 
The  Roman  matrons  mourned  for  Brutus,  the  guardian  of 
their  honour,  as  if  he  had  been  their  common  father,  for  the 
space  of  a  year.  Valerius  Publicola  fixed  upon  Spurius 
Lucretius  Tricipitinus,  the  father  of  Lucretia,  for  his  colleague; 
and  he  dying  of  some  disease,  he  next  chose  Horatius 
Pulvillus  for  his  fellow  consul. 

Thus  the  first  year  had  five  consuls  ;  Tarquinius  Collatinus 
ha\ing  left  the  city  on  account  of  his  name,  Brutus  having 
fallen  in  battle,  and  Spurius  Lucretius  having  died  a  natural 
deatn. 


EUTROPIDS. 


Ibl 


XI.  In  tlie  second  year  also,  Tarquin,  with  a  view  to  being 
re-established  on  the  throne,  again  made  war  on  the  Romans, 
and,  an  Porsena,  king  of  Tuscany,  afforded  him  aid,  almost 
took  Rome.     But  he  was  also  defeated  on  that  occasion. 

In  the  third  year  after  the  expulsion  of  the  royal  famil^v, 
Tarquin,  as  he  could  not  get  himself  re-admitted  into  the  king- 
dom, and  as  Porsena,  who  had  made  peace  with  the  Romans, 
gave  him  no  support,  retired  to  Tusculum,  a  town  which  is  not 
far  from  Rome ;  where  he  and  his  wife  lived  for  fourteen  years 
in  a  private  station,  and  reached  an  advanced  age. 

In  the  fourth  year  after  the  aboUtion  of  the  kingly  power, 
the  Sabines,  having  made  war  on  the  Romans,  were  conquered; 
and  a  triumph  was  celebrated  over  them. 

In  the  fifth  year,  Lucius  Valerius,  the  colleague  of  Brutus, 
and  consul  for  the  fourth  time,  died  a  natural  death,  and  in 
such  extreme  poverty,  that  the  expenses  of  his  funeral  were 
defrayed  by  a  public  subscription.*  The  matrons  mourned  for 
him,  as  for  Brutus,  during  a  year. 

XII.  In  the  ninth  year  after  the  overthrow  of  the  kingly 
power,  the  son-in-law  of  Tarquin,  having  assembled  a  vast 
army,  in  order  to  avenge  the  wrongs  of  his  father-in-law,  a  new 
office  was  introduced  at  Rome,  which  was  called  the  dictator- 
ship, and  which  was  more  absolute  than  the  consulate.    In  the 
same  year  also  a  master  of  the  horse  was  appointed  to  be  an 
oflBccr  under  the  dictator.      Nor  can  anything  be  named  more 
like   to  the   imperial  authority,  which   your  Serenity  f  now 
enjoys,  than  the  ancient  dictatorship,  especially  since  C»sar 
Octavianu^,  also,  of  whom  we  shall  speak  hereafter,  and  Caius 
Caesar  before  him,  ruled  with  the  title  and  rank  of  dictator. 
The  first  dictator  at  Rome  was  Lartius ;  the  first  master  of 
the  horse,  Spurius  Cassius. 

XIII.  In  the  sixteenth  year  after  the  termination  of  the 
regal  power,  the  people  at  Rome,  thinking  themselves  oppressed 
by  the  senate  and  consuls,  broke  out  into  a  sedition.  On  this 
occasion  they  created  for  themselves  tribunes  of  the  people,  as 
their  own  peculiar  judges  and  defenders,  by  whom  they  might 
be  protected  against  the  senate  aud  the  consuls. 

XIV.  Id  the  following  year  the  Volsci  recommenced  hos- 

•  Ut  ooQatii  i  pop%Uo  nummit,  t^mptum  habtierit  HpuUune.]  "  H* 
hiid  the  expenae  of  hu  funeral  from  money  contributed  by  the  people." 
t  TranqyiHi^Uu  vmtra.]  Seo  note  on  the  dedicAtioo. 


CXVUl.J  ABRIDGMENT  OF   BOMAN  HISTORY.  7 

tilities  against  the  Romans  ;  "and  being  overcome  in  the  Geld, 
lost  also°Corioli,  the  best  city  that  they  had. 

XV.  In  the  eighteenth  year  after  the  banishment  of  the 
royal  familv,  Quintius  Marcius,  the  Roman  general  who  had 
taken  Corio'li,  the  city  of  the  Volsci,  being  compelled  to  flee 
from  Rome,  directed  his  course,  in  resentment,  to  the  Volsci 
themselves,  and  ^received  from  them  support  against  the 
Romans.  He  obtained  several  victories  over  the  Romans ;  h© 
made  his  way  even  to  the  fifth  mile-stone  from  the  city ;  and, 
refusing  to  hear  a  deputation  that  came  to  sue  for  peace,  would 
have  laid  siege  even  to  the  place  of  his  birth,  had  not  his 
mother  Veturia  and  his  wife  Volumnia  gone  out  from  the  city 
to  meet  him,  by  whose  tears  and  supplications  he  was  pre- 
vailed  on  to  withdraw  his  army.  He  was  the  next  after 
Tarquin  that  acted  as  general  against  his  country. 

XVI.  In  the  consulate  of  Caeso  Fabius  and  Titus  Vir- 
ffinius  three  hundred  noblemen,  membei-s  of  the  Fabian 
family  undertook  alone  a  war  against  the  Vejentes,  assuring 
the  senate  and  the  people  that  the  whole  contest  should 
be  brought  to  an  end  by  themselves.  These  illustrious 
men,  therefore,  each  of  whom  was  capable  of  commanding  a 
Wge  army,  setting  out  on  their  expedition,  all  fell  in  battle 
One  only  remained  out  of  so  numerous  a  family,  who,  from  his 
extreme  youth,  could  not  be  token  with  them  to  the  field. 
After  these  events  a  census  was  held  in  the  city,  in  which  the 
number  of  the  citizens  was  found  to  be  a  hundred  and  nine- 
teen thousand  three  hundred  and  nineteen. 

XVII.  In  •  the  following  year,  in  consequence  of  the 
blockade  of  a  Roman  army  on  Mount  Algidus,  about  twelve 
miles  from  the  citv,  Lucius  Quintius  Cincinnatus  w^as  appointed 
dictator;  a  man  who,  possessing  only  four  acres  of  land,  culti- 
vated  it  with  his  own  hands.  He,  being  found  at  his  work, 
and  engaged  in  ploughing,  assumed,  after  wiping  the  sweat 
from  his  brow,  the  toga  pnBtexla ;  and  set  free  the  army  with 
(treat  slaughter  among  the  enemy.  /.        «i 

XVIII.  In  the  three  hundred  and  second*  year  from  the 
founding  of  the  city,  the  consular  government  ceased ;  and 
instead  of  two  consuls,  ten  magistrates  were  appointed  to  bold 
the  supreme  authority,  under  the  title  of  deoemvin.      Ihese 
durinc  the  first  year  conducted  themselves  with  honour ;  but 

*  S««  note  on  It.  10. 


8 


EUTROPIUS. 


fRI. 


ii'. 


CUI.] 


ABRIDGMENT  OF  KOMAN  HISTORY 


m  the  second,  one  of  thera,  Appius  Claudius,  proceeded  to 
offer  violence  to  the  maiden  daughter  of  a  certain  Virgihius, 
who  was  at  that  time  filling  an  honourable  post  on  military 
service  against  the  Latins  on  Mount  Algidus ;  but  the  father 
Blew  her  with  his  own  hand,  that  she  might  not  suffer  violation 
from  the  decemvir,  and,  returning  to  the  army,  raised  an 
insurrection  among  the  soldiers.  Their  power  was  in  conse^ 
qtience  taken  from  the  decemviri,  and  thev  themselves  received 
sentences  of  condemnation.* 

XIX.  In  the  three  hundred  and  fifteenth  year  from  the 
founding  of  the  city,  the  Fidenates  rebelled  against  the 
flomans.  The  Vejentes  and  their  king  Tolumnius  gave*  them 
assistance.  These  two  states  are  so  near  to  Rome,  that 
FidenaB  is  only  seven,  Veil  only  eighteen  miles  distant.  The 
Volsci  also  joined  them ;  but  they  were  defeated  by  Marcus 
^milius  the  dictator,  and  Lucius  Quintius  Cincinnatus  the 
master  of  the  horse,  and  lost  also  their  kin^.  Fidense  was 
taken,  and  utterly  destroyed. 

XX.  Twenty  years  afterwards,  the  people  of  Veii  resumed 
hostilities.  Furius  Camillus  was  sent  as  dictator  against 
them,  who  first  defeated  thera  in  battle,  and  then,  after  a  long 
siege,  took  their  city,  the  oldest  and  richest  in  It&ly.  He  next 
took  Falisci,  a  city  of  no  less  note.  But  popular  odium  was 
excited  against  him,  on  the  ground  that  he  had  made  an 
unfair  division  of  the  bootv,  and  he  was  condemned  on  that 
charge  and  banished. 

Soon  after  the  Galli  Scnones" marched  towards  Rome ;  and, 
pursuing  the  Romans,  whom  they  defeated  at  the  river  Allia, 
eleven  miles  from  the  city,  possessed  themselves  of  the  city 
itself,  no  part  of  which  could  be  defended  against  them, 
except  the  Capitol.  After  they  had  besieged  it  a  long  time,  and 
the  Romans  were  suffering  fiom  famine,  Camillus,  who  was  in 
exile  in  a  neighbouring  city,  attacked  the  Gauls  unexpectedly, 
and  gave  them  a  severe  defeat.  Afterv\ards,+  on  receiving  a  sum 

•  Damnati  9U7U.]  Appiua  and  Oppiua,  before  tbediiy  for  their  trial 
came^  committed  suicide.  Their  coUeaj^ruea  went  into  banidhmcnt 
voluntarily,  as  appears  from  Livy.  Claudius  was  oenteoced  to  diaib, 
but  allowed  to  go  into  exile  through  the  iBterceasioa  of  Virgtnius. 
See  Liv.  iii.  5*. 

+  Pottea  tatnen.^  The  word  tarrun,  which  disturbs  the  drift  of  th«, 
paasage,  is  not  translated.  The  text  seems  hardly  sonnd.  Liry  telif 
the  itory  differently. 


in  gold,  to  desist  from  the  siege  of  the  Capitol,  they 
retreated  ;  Camillus,  however,  pursued  them,  and  routed  them 
with  such  a  slaughter,  that  he  recovered  both  the  gold  which 
bad  been  given  to  them,  and  all  the  military  standards  which 
they  had  taken.  Thus  he  entered  the  city  for  the  third  time 
in  triumph,  and  received  the  appellation  of  a  second  Romulus, 
as  if  he  also  had  been  a  founder  of  the  city. 


BOOK  IL 

Military  tribunes  created  instead  of  consuls ;  Camillus  overcomes  the 
Volsci,  JSqui,  and  Sutrioi,  Cincinnatus  the  Pnent-stini,  L  II  — 
Consular  government  restored,  III.— Death  and  eulogy  of  Ca- 
millus, IV.— Hight  of  the  Gauls,  V  — The  census,  VI.— Combat 
of  Valerius  Corvua  with  a  Gaul,  VII.— The  L:itin  war,  VIII.— 
Various  defeats  of  the  Saronites,  IX. — The  Oauls,  Etrurians?,  and 
Samnitea  defeated,  X.— The  war  with  Pyrrbus,  XL— XIV,— 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt,  sends  ambassadors  to  Rome,  XV. — The 
Piceni&ns  and  Sallentines  subdued,  XVI.  XVII.— Another  census; 
the  first  Punic  war,  XVUI.— XXVIIL 

T.  In  the  three  hundred  and  sixty -fifth  year  after  the  foun- 
dation of  the  city,  and  the  first  after  its  capture  by  the  Gauls, 
the  form  of  government  was  changed ;  and,  instead  of  two 
consuls,  military  tribunes,  invested  with  consular  power,  were 
created.  From  this  time  the  power  of  Rome  began  to  increase  ; 
for  that  veiT  year  Camillus  reduced  the  state  of  the  Volsci, 
which  had  persisted  to  make  war  for  seventy  years ;  also  the 
cities  of  tlie  iEqui  and  Sutrini ;  and,  overthrowing  their  ftrmies, 
took  possession  of  them  all ;  and  thus  enjoyed  three  triumphs 
at  the  same  time. 

II.  Titus  Quintius  Cincinnatus,  also,  having  pursued  the 
Pi-ajnestiui.  who  had  advanced  in  a  hostile  manner  to  the  very 
gates  of  Rome,  defeated  thera  on  the  river  Allia,  annexing 
eight  cities  that  were  under  their  dominion  to  the  Roman 
empire ;  and,  attacking  Praneste  itself,  forced  it  to  surrender; 
all  which  acts  were  accomplished  by  him  in  the  space  of  twenty 
davs  ;  and  a  triumph  was  decreed  him. 

III.  But  the  office  of  military  tribunes  did  not  last  long; 
for,  after  a  short  time,  it  was  enacted  that  no  more  should  b« 
created ;  and  four  years  pass  ekin  the  state  io  such  a  manner 


'';i£^^&^&*i^4^v-%iMlSi^^^^li&* 


10 


ETJTaopiua. 


fan. 


that  none  of  the  superior  magistrates  were  appointed.  The 
military  tribunes,  however,  were  re-instated  in  their  office  with 
consular  authority,  and  Continued  for  three  years,  when  consuls 
were  again  elected*.. 

IV.  In  the  consulship  of  Lucius  Gen.icius  and  Quintus 
B^lius,  Camillus  died,  and  honour  next  to  that  of  Romulus 
was  paid  him. 

'V.  Titus  Quintius  vras  sent  out  as  dictator  against  the 
Gauls,  who  had  marched  into  Italy  ;  and  had  encamped  about 
four  miles  from  the  city,  on  the  olhor  side  of  the  river  Anio. 
Titus  Manlius,  one  of  the  noblest  of  the  senators,  encountering 
a  Gaul  who  had  challenged  him  to  single  combat,  slew  him ; 
and,  having  taken  from  his  neck  a  chain  of  gold,  and  put  it  on 
his  own,  secured  the  appellation  of  Torquatus  to  himself  and 
his  posterity  for  ever.  The  Gauls  were  repulsed,  and  soon 
afterwards  entirely  defeated  by  Caius  Sulpicius  the  dictator. 
Shortly  after,  the  Tuscans  were  defeated  by  Caius  Marcius, 
and  eight  thousand  of  them  were  taken  orisoners  and  led  in 
triumph. 

VI.  A  census  was  again  taken  ;  and  as  the  Latins,  who 
had  been  subdued  by  the  Romans,  refused  to  furnish  troops, 
recruits  were  levied  from  among  the  Romans  only,  and  ten 
legions  were  raised,  making  sixty  thousand  fighting  men.  or 
upwards;  so  great  was  the  power  of  the  Romans  in  war,  while 
their  territory  was  as  yet  but  small.  These  troops  having 
marched  out  against  the  Gauls,  under  the  conduct  of  Lucius 
Furius  Camillus,  one  of  the  Gauls  challenged  the  most  valiant 
among  the  Romans  to  single  combat ;  when  Marcus  Valerius, 
a  tribune  of  the  soldiers,  came  forward  to  accept  the  challenge; 
and,  as  he  advanced  in  full  armour,  a  crow  settled  upon  his 
right  shoulder.  -  Afterwards,  too,  when  he  commenced  tlie 
encounter  with  the  Gaul,  the  same  crow,  with  his  wings  and 
talons,  furiously  assailed  the  Gaul's  eyes,  so  that  he  was  not 
able  to  see  before  him,  and  thus,  being  slain  by  the  tribune 
Valerius,  he  gave  him  not  only  a  victory,  but  a  name ;  for  he 
was  afterwards  called  CorA'us.  For  the  same  service  also,  at 
the  age  of  three  and  twenty,  he  was  made  consul. 

VIL  .The  Latins,  who  had  refused  to  furnish  troons, 
proceeded  also  to  demand  of  the  Romans,  that  one  of  the 
consuls  should  be  elected  from  their  own  people,  the  other 
from  the  ivomans ;  this  demand  having  been  rejected,  war  ^u 


ex.] 


A.BRIDGMENT   OF   ROMAN    HLSTORY 


11 


commenced  against  them,  and  they  were  overcome  in  a  great 
battle ;  and  a  triumph  was  celebmted  on  account  of  their 
defeat.  Statues  were  erected  to  the  consuls  in  the  Rostra,  for 
their  service  in  gaining  this  victory. 

VIII.  The  Romans  had  now  begun  to  be  poweiful ;  for  a 
war  was  carried  on  by  them  against  the  Samnites,  who  hold  a 
mid^^le  situation  between /i*»icenura,  Campania,  and  Apulia,  at 
the  distance  of  nearly  n  Hundred  and  thirty  miles  from  the 
city.  Lucius  Papirius  Ctirsor  went  to  conduct  that  war  with 
the  rank  of  dictfitor,  and,  on  returning  to  Rome,  gave  orders 
to  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus,  his  master  of  the  horse,  whom 
he  left  in  charge  of  the  army,  not  to  fight  during  his  absence. 
He,  however,  seeing  a  favourable  opportunity,  commenced  an 
engagement  with  great  success,  and  utterly  defeated  the  Sam- 
nites ;  he  was  accordingly  condemned  to  death  by  the  dictator, 
for  fighting  contrary  to  his  orders,  but  was  saved  by  the  power- 
ful interposition  of  the  soldiers  and  people,  so  great  a  tumult 
having  been  excited  against  Papirius,  that  he  was  almost 

slain. 

IX.  Ine  Samnites  Ruosequently,  in  the  consulate  of  Titus 
Veturius  and  Spurius  Posthumius,  defeated  the  Romans  with 
signal  ignominy,  and  compelled  them  to  pass  under  the  yoke. 
The  peace,  however,  which  had  been  concluded  with  them 
through  mere  necessity,  was  broken  by  the  senate  and  people. 
After  this  the  Samnites  were  defeated  by  Lucius  Papirius  the 
consul,  and  seven  thousand  of  them  made  to  pass  under  the 
yoke.  Papirius  was  granted  a  triumph  over  the  Samnites. 
About  the  same  time  Appius  Claudius  llie  censor  brought  the 
Claudian  waUr  into  the  city,  and  made  the  Appian  ^^ay.** 

The  Samnites.  renewing  the  war,  defeated  Quintus  Fabiua 
Maximus,  with  the  slaughter  of  three  thousand  of  his  troops ; 
but  afterwards,  his  father,  Fabius  Maximus,  being  appointed 
his  lieutenant,  he  both  defeated  the  Samnites,  aod  took  several 
of  their  towns.  Subsequently,  Publius  Cornelius  Rufinus  and 
Manius  Curius  Dentatus,  the  two  consuls,  being  sent  against 
llie  Samnites,  reduced  their  strength  in  some  considerable 
battles.  Thus  they  brought  the  war  with  the  Samnites  to  an 
end  ;  a  war  which  had  lasted  for  forty-nine  years.  Nor  was 
there  any  enemy  in  Italy  that  put  the  \aloui  of  the  Romans 
more  to  the  test. 
..  %,  After  au  inlerval  of  a  few  yews,  the  forces  of  th?  Gau'u 


•^fp"-'. 


12 


EDTROPIUS. 


[aa 


united  with  the  Tuscans  and  Samnites  against  the  Romans ; 
but,  a3  they  were  marching  to  Home,  were  cut  off  by  tLe 
cotsul  Cnacus  Conielius  Dolabella. 

XI.  War  was  at  the  same  time  proclaimed  against  the 
Tarontines  (who  are  still  a  people  at  th*^  extremity  of  Italy), 
because  they  had  offered  violence  to  sotne  lioraan  ambassadors. 
These  people  asked  aid  against"  the  lioraans  of  Pvrrhus, 
king  of  Epirus,  who  derived  his  origin  from  the  family  of 
Achilles.  He  soon  after  passed  over  into  Italy,  and  it  was 
then  that  the  Romans  fought  for  the  first  time  with  an  enemy 
from  beyond  sea.  The  consul  Publius  Valerius  La)vinu8  was 
sent  agiunst  him  ;  v.ho,  having  seized  some  spies  of  Pyrrhus, 
ordered  them  to  be  led  through  the  camp,  and  tlie  whole  army 
to  be  exhibited  to  them,  and  then  to  be  dismissed,  that  they 
might  tell  Pyrrhus  whatever  was  going  on  among  the  Romans, 
An  engagement  taking  place  soon  al'ter,  Pyrrhus,  when  on  the 
|>oii2t  of  fleeing,  got  the  victory  by  means  of  his  elephants,  at 
the  sight  of  which  the  Romans,  to  whom  they  were  strange,  were 
greitly  terrified  ;  but  night  pat  an  end  to  the  battle.  Laevinus 
however  fled  during  the  night.  Pyrrhus  took  a  thousand 
eight  hundred  Romans  piisoners,  And  treated  them  with  the 
greatest  honour;  the  slain  he  buried.  On  observing  those 
lying  dead,  with  their  wounds  in  front,  and  with  stem  coun- 
tenances, he  is  said  to  have  lifted  up  his  hands  to  heaven, 
exclaiming  that  **  ho  might  himself  have  been  master  of  the 
whole  world,  if  such  soldiers  had  fallen  to  his  lot." 

XII.  Pyrrhus  afterwards,  having  united  to  him  the  Sam- 
nites,  the  Lucanians,  and  the  Brutiii.  proceeded  towards  Florae. 
He  laid  all  waste  with  fire  and  sword,  depopulated  Campania, 
and  advanced  to  Prseneste,  eighteen  miles  from  Pwome.  Soou 
after,  tlirough  fear  of  an  army  which  was  pursuing  him  with  a 
consul  at  its  head,  he  fell  back  upon  Campania.  Ambassadors, 
who  were  sent  to  treat  with  Pyrrhus  respecting  the  ransom  o! 
the  captives,  were  honourably  entertained  l>y  him  ;^  and  he 
sent  the  captives  back  to  Rome  without  payment.  ^  Fabricius, 
one  of  the  Roman  ambassadors,  he  admired  so  much,  that, 
finding  he  was  poor,  he  endeavoured  to  draw  him  over  to  his 
side  with  the  promise  of  a  fourth  part  of  his  kingdom,  but  he 
was  repulsed  with  disdain  by  Fabricius.  Pyrrhus,  therefore, 
being  struck  with  admiration  at  tlic  character  of  the  Romans, 
seut  aa  eminent  man,  Ciueas  by  name,  as  ambassador,  to  ask 


C.XIV.] 


ABRIDGMENT  OP  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


13 


I    ) 


for  peace  on  reasonable  terras,  provided  that  he  might  retain 
possession  of  that  part  of  Italy,  of  which  he  had  already 
become  master  in  the  war. 

*  XIII.  Such  terms  of  peace  were  not  satisfactory,  and  an 
answer  was  returned  by  the  senate  to  Pyrrhus,  that  '*  he  could 
have  no  peace  with  the  Romans,  unless  he  retired  from  Italy." 
The  Romans  then  ordered  that  all  the  prisoners  whom  Pyrrhus 
had  sent  back  should  be  considered  ipfamous,*  because  they 
had  suffered  themselves  to  be  taken  with  arms  in  their  hands ; 
and  not  to  be  restored  to  their  former  rank,  until  they  had 
each  produced  the  spoils  of  two  slain  enemies.  Thus  the 
ambassador  of  Pyrrhus  returned ;  and,  when  Pyrrhus  asked 
him  ••  what  kind  of  a  place  he  had  found  Rome  to  be,"  Cineas 
replied,  that  "  he  had  seen  a  country  of  kings,  for  that  all 
there  were  such,  as  Pyrrhus  alone  was  thought  to  be  in  Epirus 
and  the  rest  of  Greece." 

The  consuls  Publius  Sulpicius  and  Decius  Mus  were  sent 
out  as  generals  against  Pyrrhus.  A  battle  being  commenced, 
Plirrhus  was  wounded,  his  elephants  killed,  twenty  thousand  of 
the  enemy  slain,  and  of  the  Romans  only  five  thousand. 
Pynhus  was  forced  to  retire  to  Tarentum. 

XIV.  After  the  lapse  of  a  year,  Fabricius  was  sent  out 
against  Pyrrhus,  the  same  who,  when  he  was  before,  among 
the  ambassadors,  could  not  be  won  with  a  promise  of 
the  fourth  part  of  his  kingdom.  As  Fabricius  and  the  king 
had  their  camps  near  to  each  other,  the  physician  of  Pyrrhus 
came  to  Fabricius  by  night,  offering  to  despatch  Pyrrhus  by 
poison,  if  he  would  promise  him  some  remuneration ;  upon 
which  Fabricius  ordered  that  he  should  be  taken  back  in 
chains  to  his  master,  and  that  information  should  be  given  to 
Pyrrhus  of  the  proposals  which  the  physician  had  made  against 
his  life.  The  king,  struck  with  admiration  of  his  conduct,  is 
reported  to  have  exclaimed  on  the  occasion,  "  That  excellent 
Fabricius  is  a  man  who  can  less  easily  be  diverted  from  tlie 
path  of  honour,  than  the  sun  from  its  course."  Pyrrhus  then 
departed  for  Sicily.  Fabricius,  after  jdcfc/^tinsr  the  Samnites 
and  Lucanians,  obtained  a  triumph. 

♦  Infanu*.]  They  all  suffered  some  eort  oi  aegradation.  ThoBe  wno 
had  be«n  in  the  cavalry  were  made  to  serve  in  the  infantry,  and  those 
who  had  been  in  the  infantry  were  sent  among  the  slingera.  See  Val. 
"hUi.  ii.  7,  15. 


;-"-  ^1, 


14 


ZCTR0P1T7S. 


Tii-a 


The  consuls  Manius  Curius  Deutp.tus  and  Cornelius  Lentulus 
were  next  sent  against  Pyrrhus  ;  tnJ  Curius  camo  to  an  engage- 
meiit  with  him,  cut  off  his  f.rray,  drove  him  back  to  Tareutum. 
and  took  his  camp.  On  that  day  were  slain  twenty-tliree 
thousand  of  the  enemy.  Curius  Dentatus  triumphed  in  hi's 
consulate.  lie  was  the  first  that  brought  elephants  to  Rome, 
ir\  number,  four.  Pyrrhus  also  soon  after  quitted  Tarcutumi 
and  was  killed  at  Argos,  a  city  of  Greece. 

XV.  In  the  consulship  of  Caios  Fabricius  Licinus  and 
Caiu  Claudius  Canina,  in  the  four  hundred  and  sixty-first 
year  from  the  foundation  of  the  city,  ambassadcrs,  from 
Alexandria,  despatched  by  Ptolemy,  arrived  at  Rome,  and 
obtained  from  tho  Romans  the  friendship  wbich  they  solicited. 

XVI.  In  the  consulate  of  Quinlus  Ogulnius  and  Caius 
Fabius  Pictor,  the  Piceniuns  commenced  n  war,  and  were  con- 
quered by  the  succeeding  consuls  Publius  Sempronius  and 
Appius  Claudius,  and  a  triumph  was  celebrated  over  them. 
Two  cities  were  founded  by  the  Romans,  Ariminum  in  Gauj[ 
and  Beneventum  in  Samnium. 

^yiL  When  Marcus  Attilius  Regulus  and  Lucius  Junius 
Libo  were  consuls,  war  was  declared  against  the  Sallentines  in 
Apulia ;  and  the  Brundusians  and  their  city  were  taken, 
and  a  triumph  gmnted  on  their  subjugation. 

XVIII.  In  the  four  hundred  and  seventy  seventh  year  of 
tlie  city,  although  the  Roman  name  had  now  become  famous, 
yet  their  arms  had  not  been  carried  out  of  Ilaly.  That  it 
might  be  ascertained,  therefore,  what  the  forces  of  the  Pvomans 
were,  a  census  was  Uken.  On  this  occasion  the  number  of 
citizens  was  found  to  be  two  hundred  and  r.inetv-two  thousand, 
three  hundred  and  thirty-four.  although  from  the  founding  of 
the  city  wars  had  never  ceased.  It  was  then  that  the  first  war 
was  undertaken  against  the  Africans,  in  the  consulate  of  Appius 
Claudius  and  Quintus  Fulvius.  A  battle  was  fought  with 
them  in  Sicily ;  and  Appius  Claudius  obtained  a  triumph  for 
a  victory  over  the  Africans  and  Hiero  king  of  Sicily. 

XIX.  In  the  year  following, , Valerius  Marcus  and  Otacilius 
being  consuls,  great  deeds  were  achieved  by  the  Romans  in 
Sicily.  The  Tauromenitani,  Catanians,  and  fifty  cities  more, 
were  received  into  alliance.  In  the  third  year  the  war  against 
Hiero  in  Sicily  was  brought  to  an  end.  He,  with  all  the  Syra- 
cusan  nobility,  prevailed  upon   tho  Romans  to  grant  them 


0.XX1.]  ABWDGlfENT  OP  HOilAN   HISTOBY.  15 

peace,  paying  down  two  hundred  talents  of  silver.  ,  The  Afri* 
cans  were  defeated  in  Sicily,  and  a  triumph  over  them  granted 
at  Rome  a  second  time. 

XX.  In  the  fifth  year  of  the  Punic  war,  which  was  carnod 
on  against  the  Africans,  the  Romans  first  fought  by  sea,  in  the 
consulate  of  Caius  Duilius  and  Cnseus  Cornelius  Asina, 
having  provided  themselves  with  vessels  armed  with  beaks, 
which  they  term  Libumian  galleys.  The  consul  Cornelius  fell 
a  victim  to  treacherj-.*  Duilius,  joining  battle,  defeated  the 
commander  of  the  Carthaginians,  took  thirty-one  of  their 
ehips,  sunk  fourteen,  took  seven  thousand  of  the  enemy 
prisoners,  and  slew  three  thousand;  nor  was  there  ever  a 
victory  more  gratifying  to  the  Romans,  for  they  were  now  not 
only  invincible  by  land,  but  eminently  powerful  at  sea. 

In  the  consulship  of  Caius  Aquilius  Floras  and  Lucius 
Scipio.  Scipio  laid  waste  Corsica  and  Sardinia,  carried  away 
several    thousand    captives    from    thence,    and    obtained    a 

triumph. 

XXI.  When  Lucius  Manlius  Vulso  and  Marcus  Attihus 
Regulus  were  consuls,  war  was  carried  over  into  Africa  against 
Hamilcar  the  general  of  the  Carthaginians.  A  naval  engage- 
ment was  fought,  and  the  Carthaginian  utteriy  defeated,  for^ 
he  retired  with  the  loss  of  sixty  four  of  his  ships.  The  Romans 
lost  only  twenty-two;  and,  having  then  crossed  over  into 
Africa,  they  compelled  Clypea,  the  first  city  at  which  they 
anived  in  Africa,  to  surrender.  The  consuls  then  advanced  as 
far  as  Carthage ;  and,  having  laid  waste  many  places,  Manlius 
returned  victorious  to  Rome,  and  brought  vrith  hira  twenty- 
seven  thousand  prisoners.  /Attilius  Regulus  remained  in 
Africa.  He  drew  up  his  army  against  the  Africans;  and, 
fighting  at  tlie  same  time  against  three  Carthaginian  generals, 
came  off  victorious,  killed  eighteen  thousand  of  the  enemy, 
took  five  thousand  prisoners,  with  eighteen  elephants,  and 
received  seventy-four  cities  into  alliance.  The  vanquished 
Carthaginians  then  sued  to  the  Romans  for  peace,  which 
Regulus  refusing  to  grant,  except  upon  the  hardest  conditions, 
the  Africans  sought  aid  from  the  Lacedaemonians,  ami,  under  a 
leader  named  Xantippus,  who  had  been  sent  tliem  by  the 
Lacedaemonians,  Regulus,  tlie  Roman  general,  was  overthrown 

•  He  WM  deceived  und  made  prisoner  by  one  of  Hannibftrs  officem, 
Polyb.  L  23 ;  Oroa.  iv.  7 ;  Polyacn.  vi.  16,  5. 

H  H 


'm 


Jia£iil«Mfal4^/3^a^?'JVj»tl>-'iAj3»t^^  Ct^i.^  »».'?a jv^-^ 


s^iJ.-"''fii^ 


I  rfi-  ■  r*i  i^jfiH^ 


»M 


j.ii'     ■'"-    "■ 


16 


EUTROPIUS. 


[B.IL 


with  a  desperate  siRugbter  ;  for  two  thousand  men  oniy  escaped 
of  all  the  Roman  army ;  live  hundred,  with  their  commander 
Kegulus,  were  taken  prisoners,  thirty  thousand  slain,  and 
Regulus  himself  thrown  into  prison. 

XXII.  In  the  consulship  of  Marcus  ^^railiiis  Paulus  and 
Scnius  Fulvius  Nobilior,  both  the  Roman  consuls  set  sail  for 
Africa,  with  a  fleet  of  three  hundred  ships.  They  first  over- 
came the  Africans  in  a  sea-fight ;  .^milius  the  consul  sunk  a 
hundred  and  four  of  the  enemy's  ships,  took  thirty,  with  the 
soldiers  in  them,  killed  or  took  prisoners  fifteen  thousand  of 
the  enemy,  and  enriched  his  own  army  v.ith  much  plunder; 
and  Africa  would  then  have  been  subdued,  but  that  so  great  a 
famine  took  place  that  the  army  could  not  continue  there  any 
longer.  The  consuls,  as  they  were  returning  witli  their  victo- 
rious fleet,  suffered  shipwreck  on  the  coast  of  Sicily,  and  so 
violent  was  the  storm,  that  out  of  four  hundred  and  si.\ty-four 
ships,  eighty  could  scarcely  be  saved ;  nor  was  so  great  a  tem- 
pest at  sea  ever  heard  of  at  any  period.  The  I^mans, 
notwithstanding,  soon  refitted  two  hundred  ships,  nor  was  their 
spirit  at  all  broken  by  their  loss. 

•  XXIII.  Cnsus  Servilius  Ceepio  and  Caius  Sempronius 
Blsesus,  when  consuls,  set  out  for  Africa  with  two  hundred  and 
sixty  ships,  and  took  several  cities.  As  they  were  returning 
with  a  great  booty,  they  suffered  shipwreck;  and,  as  these 
successive  calamities  annoyed  the  Romans,  the  senate  in 
consequence  decreed  that  wars  by  sea  should  be  given  up, 
and  that  only  si.\ty  ships  should  be  kept  for  the  defence  of 
Italy. 

XXIV.  In  the  consulship  of  Lucius  CaBcilius  Met'jUus  and 
Caius  Furius  Pacilus,  Metellus  defeated  a  general  of  the 
Africans  in  Sicily,  who  came  against  him  with  a  hundred  and 
thirty  elephants  and  a  numerous  array,  slew  iweuty  thousand 
of  the  enemy,  took  six  and  twenty  elephants,  collected  the 
rest,  which  were  dispersed,  with  the  aid  of  the  Numidians 
whom  he  had  to  assist  him,  and  brought  them  to  Rome  in  a 
vast  procession,  filling  all  the  roads  with  elephants,  to  the 
number  of  a  hundred  and  thirty. 

After  these  misfortunes,  the  Carthaginians  entreated 
Regulus,  the  Roman  general  whom  they  had  taken,  to  go  to 
Rome,  procure  them  peace  from  the  Romans,  and  effect  an 
exchange  of  prisoners. 


r  *— y^sj- '.^fy*^  Apji^' 


C.XXVil.J  ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN   HISTORY. 


17 


XXV.  Regulus,  on  arriving  at  Rome,  and  being  conducted 
into  the  senate,  would  do  noiliing  in  the  character  of  a  Roman, 
declaring  tlvU,  "  from  the  day  when  he  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Africans,  he  had  ccaced  to  be  a  Roman."  For  tliis  reason 
he  both  repelled  his  wife  from  embracing  him,  and  gave  his 
advice  to  the  Romans,  that  "  peace  should  not  be  made  with 
tlie  Carthaginians ;  for  that  they,  dispirited  by  so  many  losses, 
had  no  hope  left ;  and  that,  with  respect  to  liimself,  he  was 
not  of  such  importance*,  that  so  many  thousand  captives  should 
be  restored  on  his  account  alone,  old  as  he  was,  and  for  the 
sake  of  the  few  Romans  who  had  been  taken  prisoners."  He 
accordingly  carried  his  point,  for  no  one  would  listen  to  the . 
Carthaginians,  when  they  applied  for  peace.  ^  He  himself 
returned  to  Carthage,  telUug  the  Romans,  when  they  offered 
to  detain  him  at  Rome,  that  he  would  not  stay  in  a  city,  in 
which,  after  living  in  captivity  among  the  Africans,  it  was 
impossible  for  him  to  retain  the  dignity  of  an  honourable 
citizen.  Returning  therefore  to  Africa,  he  was  put  to  death 
with  torture  of  every  description. 

XXVI.  When  Publius  ('laudius  Pulcher  and  Caius  Junius 
were  consuls,  Claudius  fought  in  opposition  to  the  auspices, 
and  was  defeated  by  the  Cartha^.uians ;  for,  out  of  two  hundred 
and  twenty  ship'3,  he  escaped  with  only  thirty ;  ninety,  together 
with  their  men,  were  taken,  the  rest  sunk,  and  twenty  thou- 
sand men  made  prisoners.  The  other  consul  also  lost  his 
fleet  by  shipwreck,  but  was  able  to  save  his  troops,  as  the  shore 
v/as  close  at  hand  • 

XXVII.  In  the  consulate  of  Caius  Lutatius  Catulus  and 
Aulus  Posthumius  Albinus,  in  the  twenty-third  year  of  the 
Puiiic  war,  the  conduct  of  the  war  against  the  Africans  was 
committed  to  Catulus.  He  set  sail  for  Sicily  with  three  hun- 
dred ships.  The  Africans  fitted  out  four  hundred  against  him. 
Lutatius  Catulus  embarked  in  an  infirm  state  of  health,  having 
been  wounded  in  a  previous  battle,  c  An  encounter  took  place 
opposite  Lilybaum,  a  city  of  Sicily,  with  the  greatest  valour 
on  the  part  of  the  Romans,  for  seventy-three  of  the  Cartha- 
ginian ships  were  taken,  and  a  hundred  and  twenty-five  sunk  ; 
thirty-two  thousand  of  the  enemy  were  made  prisoners,  and 
thirteen  thousand  slain  ;  and  a  vast  sum  in  gold  and  silver  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Romans.  Of  the  Roman  fleet  twelve 
ship?  were  sunk.     The  battle  was  fought  on  .the  lOtb  of 


?:-' 


!SI^^^&>f£: 


18 


ECTROPIUS. 


[b.iii. 


of  March.  The  Carthagiuians  immediately  sued  for  peace, 
and  peace  was  granted  them.  The  Roman  prisoners  who  were 
in  the  handa  of  the  Carthaginians  were  restored ;  the  Cartha- 
ginians also  requested  perraiasion  to  redeem  such  of  the 
Africans  as  the  Romans  kept  in  captivity.  The  senate 
decided  that  those  who  were  state  prisowrs  should  he  restored 
without  ransom;  hut  that  those  who  were  in  the  hands  of 
private  persons  should  return  to  Carthage  on  the  payment  of 
a  sum  to  their  owners ;  and  that  such  payment  should  he 
made  from  the  puhhc  treasury,  rather  than  by  the  Cariha- 

giiiians.  *r     v        v  • 

XXVIII.  Quintus  Lutatius  and  Aulms  Manbus,  being 
created  consuls,  r-ade  war  upon  the  Falisci.  formerly  a  powerful 
people  of  Italy,  which  war  the  consuls  in  conjunction  brought 
to  a  termination  v^ithin  six  days  after  they  took  the  field ;  fifteen 
thousand  of  the  enemy  were  slain,  and  peace  was  granUd 
to  the  rest,  but  half  their  land  was  taken  from  them. 


BOOK  III. 

Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt,  declines  the  aid  offered  him  by  the  Romans 
agiinat  iLntiochua  ;  Hiero,  king  of  SicUy,  cornea  to  see  the  games 
ftt  Rome  I  —War  with  the  Uguriana  ;  the  Carthaginiane  thmk  of 
rwuming  hoatiiitiei,  but  are  paciSed,  ll.-Peaco  throughout  the 
dominions   of   Rome.   Ill—The    lUyrian  war,  IV.-Diaaat^w  of 
the  Gauls   that  invaded  Italy,  V.  VL-The  second  Pumc  war, 
VIL-XXIII. 
I.  The  Punic  war  being  now  ended,  after  havinjr  been  pro- 
tracted though  three  and  twenty  years,  the  Romans,  who  were 
now  distinguished  by  transcendent  glory,  sent  ambassadors  to 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt,  with  offers  of  assistance  ;  for  Antio- 
chus  king  of'' Syria,  had  made  war  upon  him.     He  returned 
thanks  to  the  Romans,  but  declined  their  aid,  the  struggle 
being   now  over.      About   the   same  time,   Hiero.  the  most 
powerful  king  of  Sicily,  visited  Rome  to  witness  the  games, 
and  distributed  two  hundred  thousand  modii  •  of  wheat  among 

the  people.  «        ,.       -r         i  j 

II.  In  the  consulship  of   Lucius  Cornelius  Lentulus  and 

Fulvius  Flaccus.  in  whose  time  Hiero  c^mo  to  Rome,  war  was 

cai-ried  on,  within  the  limits  of  Italy,  against  the  Ligurian^. 

•  See  note  on  Com.  Nep.  Life  of  Atticua,  c.  2. 


CLVII.] 


ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


19 


and  a  triumph  obtained  over  them.  The  Carthaginians,  too, 
at  the  same  time,  attempted  to  renew  the  war,  soliciting  the 
Sardinians,  who,  by  an  article  of  the  peace,  were  bound  to 
submit  to  the  Romans,  to  rebel.  A  deputation,  however,  of 
the  Cartliaginians  came  to  Rome,  and  obtained  peace. 

III.  Under  the  consukte  of  Titus  Manlius  Torquatus  and 
Caius  Attilius  Bulbus,  a  triumph  was  obtained  over  the  Sar- 
dinians ;  and,  peace  being  concluded  on  all  sides,  the  Romans 
had  now  no  war  on  their  hands,  a  circumstance  which  had 
happened  to  them  but  once  before  since  the  building  of  the 
city,  in  the  reign  of  Numa  Pompilius. 

-  IV.  Lucius  Posthumius  Albinus  and  Cnseus  Fulvuis  Centu- 
malus,  when  consuls,  conducted  a  war  against  the  IllvTians ; 
and,  having  taken  many  of  tlieir  towns,  reduced  their 
kings  to  a  suiTender,  and  it  was  then  for  the  first  time  that  a 
triumph  was  celebrated  over  the  Illyrians. 

V  When  Lucius  .Emilius  was  consul,  a  vast  force  of  the 
Gauis  crossed  the  Alps  ;  but  all  Italy  united  in  favour  of  the 
Romans ;  and  it  is  recorded  by  Fabius  the  historian,  who  was 
present  in  that  war,  that  there  were  eight  hundred  thousaiul 
men  ready  for  the  contest.  Affairs,  however,  were  brought  to 
a  successful  termination  by  the  consul  alone  ;  forty  tliousaud 
of  the  enemy  were  killed,  and  a  triumph  decreed  to  ^milius. 

VI.  A  few  years  after,  a  battle  was  fought  with  the  Gauls 
within  the  borders  of  Italy,  and  an  end  put  to  the  war,  in  the 
consulship  of  Marcus  Claudius  Marcellus  and  Cnaus  Cor- 
nelius Scipio.  Marcellus  took  the  field  with  a  small  body  of 
horse,  and  slew  the  king  of  the  Gauls,  Viridomarus  with  his 
own  hand.  Afterwards,  in  coniunction  with  his  colleague .  he 
cut  to  pieces  a  numerous  army  of  the  Gauls,  stormed  Milan, 
and  cairied  off  a  vast  booty  to  Rome.  Marcellus  at  his 
triumph,  bore  the  spoihs  of  the  Gaul,  fixed  upon  a  pole  on  his 

shoulders.  ,,.  t>  r  „  «^a 

VII.  In  the  consulate  of  Marcus  Mmucius  Rufus  and 
Pubhus  Cornelius,  war  was  made  upon  the  Istnans,  because 
they  had  plundered  some  ships  of  the  Romans,  which  were 
bringing  a  supply  of  com.  and  they  were  entirely  subdued.  ^ 
In  the  same  year  the  second  Punic  war  was  commenced 
Against  the  Romans  by  Hannibal,  general  of  the  Cartti9 
^iaps,  who,  in  the  twentieth  year  of  his  age.  Proceeded  -lo 
besiege  Saguntum.  a  city  of   Spain,  in  alhance^  with   th« 


20 


lUTBOPTOt. 


[B.nT. 

RouiaiM,  hftving  assembled  for  that  purpose  tn  anoy  of  ilfty 
thousand  foot  and  twenty  thousand  noree.  The  Romaat 
^w^ed  him,  by  deputies  sent  for  the  purpose,  to  desist  from 
hoatilities,  but  he  refused  them  audience.  The  Romans  sent 
ilso  to  Carthage,  requiring  that  orders  should  be  sent  to 
Haunibal,  not  to  make  war  on  the  allies  of  the  Roman  people; 
lut  tho  reply  made  by  the  Carthaginians  promised  no  com- 
pliance. The  Saguntines  in  the  meantime,  worn  out  with 
famiue,  were  taken  by  Hannibal,  and  put  to  death  with  the 
utmost  cruelty. 

VIII.  Pubhu3  Cornelius  Scipio  then  went  with  an  army 
into  Spain,  and  Tiberius  Serapronius  into  Sicily.  War  was 
declared  against  the  Carthaginians.  Hannibal,  leaTing  his 
brother  Hasdrubal  in  Spain,  passed  the  Pyrenees,  and  made 
a  way  over  the  Alps,  which,  in  Umt  part,  were  previously 
impassable.  He  is  said  to  have  brought  into  Italy  eightj 
thousand  foot,  twenty  thousand  horse,  and  thirty-seven  ele- 
phants. Numbers  of  the  Ligurians  and  Gauls  joined  him  on 
his  march.  Sempronius  Gracchus,  hearing  of  Hannibal's  arri- 
val in  Italy,  conveyed  over  his  array  from  Sicily  to  Ariminam. 

IX.  The  first  to  meet  Hannibal  was  Publius  Cornelius 
Scipio  ;  a  battle  being  commenced,  and  his  troops  put  to  flight, 
he  retired  wounded  into  his  camp.  Sempronius  Gracchus  also 
came  to  an  engagement  ^vith  him  near  the  river  Trebia,  and  he 
too  was  defeated.  Numbers  in  Italy  submitted  to  Hannibal : 
who,  marching  from  ihence  into  Tuscany,  encountered  the 
consul  Flaminius.  Flaminius  himself  he  cut  off;  and  twenty- 
five  thousand  of  the  Romans  were  slain ;  tlie  rest  saved  them- 
selves by  flight.  Quintua  Fabius  Maximus  was  afterwards 
sent  by  the  Romans  to  oppose  Hannibal.  This  general,  by 
avoiding  an  engagement,  checked  his  impetuosity ; '  and  soon 
after,  finding  a  favourable  opportunity,  defeated  him. 

X  In  the  nvo  hundred  and  fortieth  year  from  the  founda- 
tion of  the  city,  Lucius  JEmilius  and  Publius  Terentius  Varro 
were  sent  against  Hannibal,  and  took  the  place  of  Fabius,  who 
forewarned  both  the  consuls,  that  they  could  conquer  Hannibal, 
who  was  a  bold  and  energetic  leader,  only  by  declining  a 
pitched  battle  with  him.  But  au  engiigemont  being  brought 
on,  through  ^e  impetuosity  of  the  couruI  Varro,  in  opposition 
to  his  colleague,  neoj  a  village  called  Cannae,  in  Apulia,  both 
the  consuls  were  defeated  by  Hannibal.     In  thia  Utile  throe 


c.2ir.] 


ARRIDGMEXT  OF  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


21 


tu^jusand  of  the  Africans  fell,  and  a  great  part  of  HaiiP'^al's 
army  were  wounded.  The  Romans,  however,  neyer  received 
80  severe  a  blow  at  any  period  of  the  Punic  wars ;  for  tiie 
consul  iEmilius  Paulus  was  killed  ;  twenty  officers  of  consular 
and  pnetorian  rank,  thirty  senators,  and  three  hundred  others 
of  noble  descent,  were  taken  or  slain,  as  well  as  forty  thousand 
foot-soldiers,  and  three  thousand  five  hundred  horse.  During 
all  these  calamities,  however,  not  one  of  the  Romans  deigned 
to  speak  of  peace.  A  number  of  slaves  were  set  free  and 
made  soldiers,  a  measure  never  before  adopted. 

XI.  After  this  battle,  several  cities  of  Italy,  which  had  been 
subject  to  the  Romans,  went  over  to  Hannibal.  Hannibal 
made  proposals  to  the  Romans  concerning  the  redemption  of 
the  prisoners,  but  the  senate  replied,  that  "such  citizens  as 
would  suffer  themselves  to  be  taken  with  arms  in  their  hands 
were  of  no  value  to  them."  Hannibal  then  put  them  all  to 
death  with  various  tortures,  and  sent  three  modii  *  of  gold 
rings  to  Carthage,  which  he  had  taken  from  the  fingers  of 
Roman  knights,  senators,  and  soldiers.  In  the  meantime, 
Hasdrubal,  the  brother  of  Hannibal,  who  had  remained  in 
Spain  with  a  numerous  army,  in  order  to  reduce  all  that 
country  under  the  dominion  of  the  Africans,  was  defeated  there 
by  the  two  Scipios,  the  Roman  generals,  and  lost  thirty-five 
thousand  men  in  the  battle ;  of  these  ten  thousand  were  made 
prisoners,  and  twenty-five  thousand  slain.  Upon  this,  twelve 
thousand  foot,  four  thousand  horse,  and  twenty  elephants  were 
Bent  to  him  by  the  Carthaginians  to  reinforce  his  army. 

XII.  In  the  fourth  year  after  Hannibal's  arrival  in  Italy, 
Marcus  Claudius  Marcellus,  one  of  the  consuls,  engaj^ed  him 
with  success  at  Nola,  a  city  of  Campania.  But  Hannibal 
possessed  himself  of  several  of  the  P»xDman  cities  in  Apulia, 
Calabria,  and  the  country  of  the  Bruttii.  About  this  time  also 
Philip,  king  of  Macedonia,  sent  ambassadors  to  him,  offering 
him  assistance  against  the  Romans,  on  condition  that,  when  he 
had  subdued  them,  he,  in  turn,  should  receive  assistance  from 
Hannibal  against  the  Greeks.  But  Philip  s  ambassadors  being 
taken,  and  the  affair  thus  discovered,  the  Romans  ordered 
Marcus  Valerius  Laevinus  to  proceed  to  Macedonia,  and  Titus 
Manlius,  as  proconsul,  into  Sardinia;  for  that  island  also,  at 
tho  solicitation  of  Hannibal,  had  revolted  from  the  Romana 

*  8m  note  on  C  Kep.  Life  of  Atticu«,  c  2. 


i 


jt.*- 


j«!«?PsIWW?|t^ 


2^ 


EDTR0P1U3. 


[B.n^. 


XIII.  Thus  var  was  carried  on  at  the  same  time  in  four 
different  places  ;  in  Italy ,  against  Hannibal;  in  Si>ain,  against 
Ilasiirubtl  his  brother;  in  Macedonia,  against  Philip;  in 
Sardinia,  against  the  Sardinians  and  another  Hasdrubal,  also 
a  Carthaginian.  Hasdrubal  was  taken  alive  by  Titus  Manlius 
the  proconsul,  who  had  been  sent  into  Sardinia ;  twelve  thou- 
sand of  his  men  were  slain,  fifteen  hundred  made  prisoners, 
and  Sardinia  brought  under  subjection  to  the  Romans.  Man 
lius,  being  thus  successful,  brought  Hasdrubal  and  his  other 
prisoners  to  Rome.  In  the  meantime,  Philip  also  was  defeated 
bj  Lffivinus  in  Macedonia,  and  Hasdrubal  and  Mago,  a  third 
brother  of  Hannibal,  by  the  Scipios  in  Spain. 

XIV.  In  the  tenth  year  after  Hannibal's  arrival  in  Italy,  in 
the  consulship  of  Publius  Sulpicius  and  Cusbus  Fulvius, 
Hannibal  advanced  within  four  miles  of  Rome,  and  his  cavalry 
rode  up  to  the  very  gates ;  but  soon  after,  through  fear  of  the 
consuls,  who  were  coming  upon  him  with  an  army,  he  with- 
drew into  Campania,  In  Spain,  .the  two  Scipios,  who  had 
been  victorious  for  many  years,  were  killed  by  his  brother 
Hasdrubal ;  the  array  however  remained  in  full  strength,  for 
the  generals  had  been  ensnared  rather  by  accident  than  the 
valour  of  the  enemy.  About  this  time,  also,  a  great  part  of 
Sicily,  which  the  Africans  had  begun  to  appropriate,  was 
recovered  by  the  consul  Marcellus.  and  vast  spoil  brought  to 
Rome  from  the  celebrated  city  of  Syracuse.  In  Macedonia, 
Lavinus  made  an  alliance  with  Philip,  and  several  of  tlie 
Grecian  states,  as  well  as  with  Attains,  king  of  Asia ;  and, 
proceeding  afterwards  to  Sicily,  took  Hanuo,  a  general  of  tlie 
Carthaginians,  at  the  city  of  Agrigentum,  together  with  the 
town  itself,  and  sent  him  with  other  noble  prisoners  to  Rome. 
Forty  citieij  he  obliged  to  surrender ;  twenty-six  he  carried  by 
storm.  Thus  all  Sicily  being  recovered,  and  Macedonia 
humbled,  he  retiirned  with  great  glory  to  Rome.  In  Italy, 
Hannibal,  attacking  Cnseus  Fulvius,  one  of  the  consuls,  by 
surprise,  cut  him  oflf,  together  with  eight  thousand  of  his 
men. 

XV.  In  the  meantime,  Publius  Cornelius  Scipio,  a  man 
almost  the  very  first  of  all  the  Romans,  both  in  his  own  and 
succeeding  ages,  son  of  that  Publius  Scipio  who  had  carried 
on  the  war  there  before,  was  despatched,  at  the  age  of  twentjc* 
four,  into  Spcin,  where,  after  the  death  of  the  two  Scipios,  no 


C.XVIIl]  ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


23 


Ptoraan  geneml  was  now  left.  He  took  Carthage,  in  Spaiii,  in 
which  the  Africans  kept  all  their  gold,  and  silver,  and  warlike 
stores ;  he  took  also  a  number  of  hostages,  whom  the  Cartlia* 
ginians  had  received  from  the  Spaniards,  as  well  as  Mago,  tha 
brother  of  Hannibal,  whom  ha  sent  with  others  to  Rome 
The  rejoicing  at  Rome  on  this  intelligence  was  very  great. 
Scipio  restored  the  Spanish  hostages  to  their  parents ;  and  in 
consequence  almost  ail  the  Sj;::tMards  unanimously  joined  him. 
Soon  after,  he  put  to  flight  Ilfisdrubal,  the  brother  of  Hanni- 
bal, and  took  a  great  quantity  of  spoil. 

XVI.  In  Italy,  meanwhile,  Qaintus  Fabius  Maximus,  on© 
of  the  consuls,  recovered  Tarentura,  where  a  great  body  of 
Hannibal's  troops  were  quartered,  and  cut  off  tiiere  also 
Carthalo,  one  of  Hannibal's  generals ;  twenty-five  thousand 
of  the  prisoners  he  sold  for  slaves ;  the  spoil  he  divided  among 
the  soldiers;  and  the  money  arising  from  the  sale  of  the 
prisoners,  he  paid  into  the  public  treasury.  *  At  this  time, 
Beveial  of  the  Roman  cities,  which  had  gone  over  to  Hannibal, 
submitted  themselves  again  to  Fabius  Maximus. 

In  the  following  year  Scipio  performed  extraordinary  exploits 
in  Spain,  and,  by  his  own  exertions  and  those  of  his  brother, 
Lucius  Scipio,  recovered  seventy  cities.  In  Italy,  however, 
tlie  war  went  on  unsuccessfully,  ior  Claudius  Marcellus  the 
consul  was  cut  off  by  Hannibal. 

XVII.  In  the  third  year  after  Scipio's  departure  for  Spain, 
he  again  greatly  distinguished  himself  A  king  of  Spain, 
whom  he  had  conquered  in  a  great  battle,  he  received  into 
alliance ;  and  was  the  first  that  refrained  from  demanding 
hostages  of  a  vanquished  enemy. 

XVIII.  Hannibal,  having  no  hope  that  Spain  could  beheld 
longer  against  Scipio,  summoned  from  it  Hasdrubal  his 
brother,  with  all  his  troops,  to  join  him  in  Italy.  Hasdrubal, 
pursuing  the  same  route  by  which  Hannibal  had  gone,  fell  into 
an  ambush  laid  for  him  by  the  consuls  Appius  Claudius  Nero 
and  Marcus  Livius  Salinator,  near  Sena,  a  city  of  Piconum, 
but  fell  fighting  valiantly;  his  numerous  forces  were  either 
taken  or  put  to  the  sword ;  and  a  great  quantity  of  gold  and 
cilver  carried  off  to  Rome.  Hannibal  now  began  to  despair  of 
the  issue  of  the  war,  and  an  accession  of  coui*age  was  felt  by 
tlie  Romans.  They,  therefore,  also  recalled  Publius  Cornelius 
Scipio  out  of  Spain  ;  who  arrived  at  Rom©  with  great  glory. 


Pi&i 


\*rl?,^"    :-:?1SI 


24 


EI7TR0PIUS. 


[B.ra. 


C.XXIII.J  ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


25 


XIX.  In  the  consulate  of  Quintiis  Caecilius  and  Lucius 
Valerius,  all  the  cities  in  the  territory  of  the  Bnittii,  which 
were  in  the  possessiou  of  Hannibal,  surrendered  to  «tho 
Komans. 

XX.  In  the  fourteenth  year  after  Hannibal  a  invasion  of 
Italy,  Scipio,  who  had  achieved  such  successes  in  Spain,  was 
created  consul,  and  sent  into  Africa;  a  man  in  whom  there 
was  thought  to  be  something  divine,  so  that  he  was  even 
imagined  to  hold  converse  with  the  gods.  He  encountered 
Hanno,  the  general  of  the  Carthaginians  in  Africa,  and 
destroyed  his  army.  In  a  second  battle  he  took  his  camp, 
with  four  thousand  five  hundred  of  his  soldiers,  eleven  thou- 
sand being  killed.  Syphax,  king  of  Numidia,  who  had  joined 
the  Africans,  be  took  prisoner,  and  became  master  of  hia 
camp.  Syphax  himself,  with  the  noblest  of  the  Numidians. 
and  a  va«t  quantity  of  spoil,  was  sent  by  Scipio  to  Rome  ;  on  the 
news  of  which  event,  almost  all  Itiily  forsook  Hannibal,  who 
was  desired  by  the  Carthaginians  to  return  to  Africa,  which 
Scipio  was  now  laying  waste. 

XXI.  Thus,  in  the  seventeenth  year  after  his  arrival,  Italy 
was  delivered  from  Hannibal,  and  he  is  said  to  have  quilted  it 
with  tears.  Ambassadors  from  the  Carthaginians  applied  to 
Scipio  for  peace,  by  whom  they  were  sent  to  the  senate,  a 
truco  of  forty-five  days  being  allowed  for  their  journey  to  and 
from  Rome ;  thirty  thoanand  pounds  of  silver  were  accepted 
from  them.  The  senate  directed  that  a  peace  should  be  con- 
cluded with  the  Carthaginians  at  ^the  discretion  of  Scipio. 
Scipio  granted  it  on  these  conditions  :  "  that  they  should  retain 
no  more  than  thirty  ships,  that  th«y  should  pay  to  the  Romans 
five  hundred  thousand  pounds  of  silver,  and'  restore  all  the 
prisoners  and  deserters." 

XXII.  Hannibal  in  the  meantime  landing  in  Africa,  the 
treaty  was  interrupted.  Many  hostilitiee  were  committed  by 
the  Carthaginians ;  yet  when  their  ambassadors,  as  they  were 
returning  from  Rome,  were  made  prisoners  by  some  Roman 
troops,  they  were  by  Scipio's  orden,  set  at  hberty.  Hannibal 
too,  being  defeated  by  Scipio  in  several  battles,*  expressed  also 
himself  a  desire  for  peace.     A  conference  being  held,  peace 

♦  Frcquentibui  prfdiit.]  Livy  does  not  eeem  to  think  that  any  batda 
took  place  before  tha  coaforenco  ;  he.  however,  mentions  that  Valeriua 
Antbs  speaks  of  one  having  occurred  before  it^  b.  xxx  29. 


was  offered  on  the  same  terms  as  before,  onlv  a. hundred  thou- 
sand  pounds  of  silver  were  added  to  the  former  five  hundred 
thousand,  on  account  of  their  late  perfidy.*  The  terras  were 
unsatisfactory  to  the  Carthaginians,  and  they  ordered  Han- 
nibal to  continue  the  war. 

The  war  was  carried  by  Scipio,  and  Masinissa,  another 
king  of  the  Numidians,  who  had  made  an  alliance  with  Scipio, 
to  the  very  walls  of  Carthage.  Hannibal  sent  three  spies 
into  Scipio's  camp,  who  were  captured,  and  Sciy^io  ordered 
them  to  be  led  round  the  camp,  the  whole  army  to  V)e  shown 
tliem,  and  themselves  to  be  entertained  and  dismissed,  that 
they  might  report  to  Hannibal  all  that  tliey  had  seen  among 
the  Romans. 

XXIII.  In  the  meantime  preparations  were  made  by  both 
generals  for  a  battle,  such  as  scarce  ever  occurred  in  any  age, 
since  they  were  the  ablest  commanders  that  ever  led  forces 
into  the  field.  Scipio  came  ofl"  victorious,  having  almost 
captured  Hannibal  himself,  who  escaped  at  first  with  several 
horse,  then  with  twenty,  and  at  last  with  only  four.  There 
were  found  in  Hannibal's  camp  twenty  thousand  pounds  of 
silver,  and  eight  hundred  of  gold,  with  plenty  of  stores.  After 
this  battle,  peace  was  concluded  with  the  Carthaginians. 
Scipio  returned  to  Rome,  and  triumphed  with  the  greatest 
glory,  receiving  from  that  period  the  appellation  of  Africanus. 
Thus  tlie  second  Punic  war  was  brought  to  an  end  in  the 
nineteenth  year  after  it  began. 

♦  Propter  novam  perjidiam.]  Eutropius,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
chapter,  gpeaka  of  "many  hoBtUitice"  having  been  committed  by  the 
Cartlia^inians.  "Before  the  arrival  of  Hannibal,  and  •while  their 
orabasa-adois  were  on  thrir  way  !\om  Rome,  the  Carthaginians  had 
piuuUrt-d  a  convoy  of  Scipio'e  driven  ipto  their  harbour  by  etresfi  of 
weather,  and  had  ill-treated  some  deputies  whom  Scipio  had  sent  to 
Carthage  to  complain  of  their  conduct.  See  Polyb.  xv.  1^;  Liv 
XVL  24. ;  Appian.  de  Reb.  Pun.  c  Zi^-^Tzschucke. 


n 


26 


BOOK   IV. 

Ww  with  Philip,  king  of  Macedonia,  I.  II.— War  with  Antiochu*.  king 
of  Syria,  IIL  IV.— Triun^ph  of  FuWiuB  orer  the  ^toliana  ;  death 
of  Hsuanibal.  V. — War  with  Perseus,  king  of  Macedonia,  and  with 
Gentias,  king  of  IllTria,  VI. — VIII. — Succeases  of  Mummiua  in 
Spain,  IX. — Third  Punic  war,  and  deatruction  of  Carthage,  X« 
—XII.— War  in  Macedonia  iiith  Peeudo  Philip,  XIII.— The 
Aohsean  war,  and  deatruction  of  Corinth,  XIV. — War  in  Mace- 
donia with  Pacudo  Perseus,  XV, — War  in  Spain  with  Viriattia, 
^VL — Numantino  war  ended  by  Scipio,  XVII. — Attalua  bequeathe 
hia  kinicj^m  to  tlie  Roman  people,  XVIII. — Triumphs  of  Junius 
Brut^oa  and  Scipio,  XIX. — War  in  Asia  with  Aristonicus,  XX. — 
Carthage  becouu^  a  Roman  colony,  XXI. — War  with  the  Tranaal- 
pine  Oaulis  and  Bituitus,  king  of  the  Arvemi,  XXII. — A  colony 
settl<»d  at  Narbonue ;  a  triumph  over  Dalmatisi,  XXIII. — Unsuo- 
cesaful  war  with  the  Scordiaci,  XXIV. — Triumphu  over  Sardinia 
and  Thrace,  XXV.— War  with  Jugurtha,  XXVI.  XXVIL 

I.  After  the  Punic  was  tenninf.ted,  the  Macedonian  war, 
against  King  Philip,  succeeded. 

II.  In  the  five  hundred  and  fifty-first  year  from  the  build* 
ing  of  the  city,  Titus  Quintius  Flamininus  was  sent  against 
King  Philip.  He  was  successful  in  his  undertaking  ;  and 
peace  was  granted  to  Philip  on  these  conditions,  that  "he 
should  not  make  war  on  those  states  of  Greec-  which  the 
Romans  had  defended  against  him ;  that  he  should  restore 
the  prisoners  and  deserters  ;  that  he  should  retain  only  fifty 
vessels,  and  deliver  up  the  rest  to  the  Romans  ;  that  he  should 
pay,  for  ten  years,  a  tribute  of  four  thousand  pounds  weight 
of  silver ;  and  give  his  ov»ii  son  Demetrius  as  a  *iOetage." 
Titus  Quintius  made  war  also  on  the  LacedsBmonians ;  de- 
feated their  general  Nabis,  and  admitted  them  into  alliance 
on  such  tjt^rms  as  he  thought  proper.  He  led  with  great  pride 
before  his  chariot  hostages  of  most  noble  rank,  Demetrius  the 
son  of  Philip,  and  Armeues  the  son  of  Nabis. 

III.  The  Macedonian  war  being  thus  terminated,  the 
Syrian  war,  against  King  Antiochus,  succeeded,  in  the  consul- 
ship of  Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  and  Manias  Acilius  Glabrio. 
To  this  Antiochiik  Hannibal  had  joined  himself,  abandoning 
his  native  country,  Carthage,  to  escape  being  delivered  up  to 
the  Romans.  Manius  Acilius  Glabrio  fought  successfully  in 
Achaia.  The  camp  of  King  Antiochus  was  taken  by  an  attack 
in  the  night,  and  he  him3elf  obliged  to  flee.      To  Philip  hia 


tiU 


C.VI.J 


ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


27 


son  Demetrius  was  restored,  for  having  assisted  the  Romans  in 
their  contest  with  Antiochus. 

IV.  In  the  consulate  of  Lucius  Cornelius  Scipio  and  Caius 
Ls^ius,  Scipio  Africanus  went  out  as  lieutenant  to  his  brother 
Lucius  Cornelius  Scipio,  the  consul,  against  Antiochus. 
Hannibal,  who  was  with  Antiochus,  waa  defeated  in  a  battle 
by  sea.  Antiochus  himself  was  afterwards  routed  by  Cornelius 
Scipio,  the  consul,  in  a  great  battle  at  Magnesia,  a  city  of 
Asia,  near  mount  Sipylus.  Eumenes,  who  founded  the  city 
of  Eumeuia  in  Phrygia,  the  brother  of  king  Attalus,  assisted 
the  Romans  in  that  engagement.  Fifty  thousand  foot,  and 
tliree  thousand  horse  were  killed  in  that  battle  on  the  side  of 
the  king.  ^  In  consequence,  King  Antiochus  sued  for  peace, 
which  was  granted  to  him,  though  vanquished,  by  the  senate, 
on  the  same  conditions  as  it  had  been  otfered  before  :  "  that  ho 
should  withdraw  from  Europe  and  Asia,  and  confine  himself 
within  mount  Taurus;  that  he  should  pay  ten  thousand 
talents,  and  give  twenty  hostages,  and  surrender  Hannibal, 
the  author  of  tlie  war."  All  the  cities  of  Asia,  which  Antio- 
chus had  lost  in  this  war,  were  given  to  Eumenes  ;  many 
cities  also  were  granted  to  the  PJiodians,  who  had  assisted  the 
Romans  against  Antiochus.  Scipio  returned  to  Rome, 
and  celebrated  his  triumph  with  gieat  pomp ;  and  he  also, 
after-  the  example  of  his  brother,  received  the  name  of 
Asiaticus,  from  his  conquest  of  Asia;  as  his  brother,  from 
the  subjugation  of  Africa,  had  been  surnamed  Africanus. 

V.  Under  the  consuls  Spurius  Posthumius  Albinus  and 
Quintus  Marcius  Philippus,  Marcus  Fulvius  triumphed  for 
conquering  the  i^tolians.  Hannibal,  who,  on  the  defeat  of 
Antiochus,  had  fled  to  Prusias,  king  of  Bitliynia,  that  he 
might  not  be  surrendered  to  the  Romans,  was  demanded  also 
at  his  hiinds  by  Titus  Quintius  Flamininus;  and,  as  he 
seemed  likely  to  be  surrendered,  he  drank  poison,  and  was 
buried  at  Libyssa,  in  the  territorj'  of  the  Nicomcdians. 

VI.  On  the  death  of  Philip,  king  of  Macedonia,  who  had 
both  waged  war  with  the  Romans,  and  aftcnvards  given  aid 
to  the  Romans  against  Antiochus,  his  son  Perseus  took  up 
arms  again  in  Macedonia,  having  levied  great  forces  for  the 
war,  and  having  as  allies  Cotys,  king  of  Thmce,  and  the  king 
uf  Illyricum,  wliose  name  was  Gentius.  On  the  side  of  the 
Romans  .were  Eumenes,  king  of  Asia,  Ariarathes  of  Cappa- 


28 


Bumopius. 


[b.iv 


C.XI.j] 


AIJRIDGMENT   OF   ROMAN   HISTORY. 


29 


docia,  Aiitiochu3  of  Syria,  Ptolemy  of  Egypt,  Masinissa  of 
Naraidia.  Prusias,  tlie  king  of  Bithynia,  although  he  liad 
married  the  sister  of  Perseus,  remained  neutral.  The  general 
of  the  Romans,  the  consul  Publius  Licinius,  was  defeated  by 
Perseus  in  a  severe  engagement;  yet  the  Romans,  although 
vanquished,  refused  peace  to  the  king  when  he  solicited  it, 
except  on  condition  that  he  should  surrender  himself  and  hia 
people  to  the  senate  and  the  people  of  Rome.  The  consul 
Lucius  ^milius  Paulus  was  afterwards  sent  against  him, 
and  the  pnetor  Caius  Anicius  into  lllyricilm  againr^t  Gen- 
tius :  but  Gentius,  beihg  defeated  with  ease  in  a  single  battle, 
soon  surrendered ;  and  his  mother,  his  wife,  his  two  sons, 
and  his  brother,  fell  at  the  same  time  into  the  power  of  the 
Romans.  Thus  the  war  was  terminutcd  within  thirty  days, 
and  the  news  of  Gentius  s  defeat  arrived  before  it  was  an- 
uounced  that  tlie  war  had  been  begun. 

VII.  The  consul  -^milius  Paulus  came  to  a  battle  \vith 
Perseus  on  the  3rd  of  September,  and  defeated  him,  killing 
twenty  thousand  of  his  infantiy  ;  the  cavaliy  which  remained 
with  the  king  was  unbroken ;  on  the  side  of  the  Romans  only 
a  hundred  men  were  missing.  All  the  cities  of  Macedonia, 
that  Perseus  had  under  his  sway,  submitted  to  the  Romans. 
The  king  himself,  deserted  by  his  friends,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  Paulus  ;  but  Paulus  treated  him  with  respect,  and  not  as 
a  vanquished  etiemy.  for,  when  he  desired  to  prostrate  himself 
at  his  feet,  ho  would  not  permit  him,  but  placed  him  in  a 
seat  by  his  side.  The  terms  granted  to  the  Macedonians  and 
Illyrians  were  these,  •*  that  they  might  remain  free,  on  paying 
half  the  tribute  which  they  had  been  accustomed  to  pay  to 
their  kings;"  that  it- might  be  seen  that  the  Roman  people 
contended  with  a  view  to  eqiiity  and  not  to  covetousness : 
and  these  terms  Paulus  proclaimed  in  an  assembly  of  a  vast 
concourse  of  people,  entertaining  the  ambassadors  of  several 
states,  who  had  come  to  pay  their  respects  to  him,  with  a  most 
sumptuous  feast ;  saying  that  **  it  ought  to  be  possible  for  tho 
same  individual  to  ho  victorious  in  war  and  elegant  in  his 
entertainments.'* 

VIII.  Shortly  after  he  took  seventy  cities  of  Epirua,  which 
had  resumed  hostilities ;  the  b<K)ty  he  distributed  among  his 
soldiers.  He  then  returned  to  Rome  with  great  display,  in  a 
Tossel  belonging  to  Perseus,  which  is  recorded  to  have  been  oi 


such  extraordinary  magnitude,  that  it  contained  sixteen  banks 
of  oars.  He  celebrated  his  triumph  most  mag^iificently  in  a 
golden  car,  with  his  two  sons  standing  on  each  side  of  him ; 
the  two  sons  of  Perseus,  and  Perseus  himself,  then  forty-five 
years  of  age,  were  led  in  procession  before  the  car.  After 
^milius,  Cuius  Anicius  also  celebrated  a  triumph  on  account 
of  tho  Illyrians  ;  in  which'  Gentius,  with  his  brother  and  sons, 
were  led  before  his  car.  To  witness  this  spectacle  the  kings  of 
several  nations  came  to  Rome ;  among  others,  even  Attalus 
and  Eumenes,  kings  of  Asia,  and  Prusias,  king  of  Bithynia ; 
who  were  entertained  with  great  consideration,  and,  by  per- 
mission of  the  senate,  deposited  the  presents  which  they  had 
brought  in  the  Capitol.  ^  Prusias  also  entrusted  his  son  Nico- 
medes  to  the  senate. 

IX.  In  the  year  following  Lucius  Memmius  was  successful 
in  the  war  in  Spain.  Marcellus  the  consul  afterwards  met 
with  success  in  tho  same  country. 

X.  A  third  war  was  then  undertaken  against  Carthage,  in 
the  six  hundred  and  second*  year  from  the  building  of  the 
city,  in  tho  consulship  of  Lucius  Manlius  Censorinus  and 
Marcus  Manilius,  and  in  the  fifly-tirst  year  alter  tlie  termina- 
tion of  the  second  Punic  war.  The  consuls  in  consequence 
proceeded  to  attack  Carthage.  Hasdruhal,  the  Carthaginian 
general,-  engaged  them ;  Phamea,  another  general,  had  the 
command  of  the  Carthaginian  cavalry.  At  that  time,  Scipio, 
the  grandson  of  Scipio  Africanus,  served  in  the  army  in  the 
capacity  of  tribune,  for  whom  great  fear  and  respect  was  felt 
by  all ;  for  he  was  regarded  as  eminently  brave  anl  skilful  in 
tlie  field.  Many  enterprises  were  accordingly  conducted  with 
success  by  his  agency ;  nor  did  Hajsdrubul  or  Phamea  shrink 
from  anything  more  tlian  engaging  with  that  pai't  of  the  army 
in  which  Scipio  commanded. 

XL  About  the  same  time,  Masinissa,  king  of  Nuraidia,  who 
had  been  an  ally  of  the  Roman  people  for  nearly  sixty  years, 
died  in  the  ninety-seventh  year  of  his  age,  leaving  behind  him 

Altero."]  The  Greek  translator  gives  ivi,  in  which  signification  ho 
aeems  to  have  t^ken  aUero  ;  as  also  in  i,  IS.  On  this  point  the  leaimed 
are  conatiintly  di^putink^,  and  especially  on  the  -IGth  epitome  of  Livy, 
whore  Dukcr  does  not  decide  whether  cUicr  fiignifies  first  or  second.— 
Tischucke.  I  consider  that  alter,  used  as  in  this  passage,  and  as  in  L  18^ 
iiiwa/s  si^nifi^'!*  stcoud.  In  such  phrases  as  alfer  ab  undecimo,  Virg. 
Ecu  viiL  is  I),  it  of  course  haa  a  ditTioruut  sigoilication. 


t-1^.ve*   .-•  '  ifflfJHM>*f-.W".-K -■    'f.«iSi*ft5l 


^4  JiiiL  jfej:.  .aiJiiiiiAftgiri'  i 


Civ*'  js'-'^a 


atx<g£.»r-v'il 


sa 


EUTROPIUS. 


TrtB  IV. 


forty-four  sons.     He  appointed  Scipio  to  divide  his  kingdom 
amoDgbt  hia  sons 

XII-*  As  the  name  of  Scipio  had  already  hccome  famous,  ho 
<7ns , created  consul,  although  but  a  young  man,  and  sent 
against  Cartha^^o.  He  took  it  and  demolished  it :  the  spoils 
found  there,  ^'hirh  had  Jbeen  amassed  by  Carthage  from  the 
ruins  of  various  cities,  and  the  ornaments  of  towns,  he  restored 
to  such  cities  of  Sicily,  Italy,  and  Africa,  as  recognized  their 
own.  Thus  Carthage,  in  the  seven  hundredth  year  after  its 
foundation,  was  destroyed.  Scipio  earned  the  same  title  which 
his  grandfather  had  gained,  being,  on  account  of  his  valour, 
caUed  Africanus  Junior.  ^  ,  •      .  . 

XIII,  In  the  meantime  a  certain  Pseudo- Philip  took  up 
arms  in  Macedonia,  and  defeated  Publius  Juvencius,  a  Roman 
pr«tor,  who  had  been  sent  out  against  him,  with  a  terrible 
slaughter,  .r  After  him  Quintus  Caecilius  Mcicllus  was  sent  by 
the  Romans  as  general  against  this  pretended  Philip,  and, 
having  slain  twenty-five  thousand  of  his  soldiers,  recovered 
Macedonia,  and  took  the  impostor  himself  prisoner 

*XIV.  War  was  also  declared  against  Corinth,  the  noblest 
city  of  Greece,  on  account  of  an  affront  oftered  to  a  Roman 
embassy.  That  city  Mummius  the  consul  took  and  demolished. 
Three  most  remarkable  triumphs  therefore  were  celebrated  at 
Rome  at  the  same  time,  that  of  Scipio  for  Africa,  before  whoso 
chariot  Hasdrubal  was  led  ;  that  of  Metellus  for  Macedonia, 
before  whose  chariot  walked  Andriscus,  also  called  Pseudo- 
Philip  ;  and  that  of  Mummius  for  Corinth,  before  whom  brazen 
statues,  pictures,  and  other  ornaments  of  that  celebrated  city, 

were  cairied. 

XV.  In  Maiiedonia,  meanwhile,  a  Pseudo-Perseus,  who 
called  himself  the  son  of  Perseus,  colleciing  tlie  slaves,  took 
up  arms,  and,  when  he  was  at  the  head  of  a  foroe  of  seven- 
teen thousand  fighting  men,  was  defeated  by  Tremellius  the 
quaestor.  [At  this  time  a  hermaphrodite  was  discovered^  at 
Rome,  and  drowned  in  the  sea  by  order  of  the  soothe; 

XVI.  About  the  same  time  MeU^llus  had  singular  bucuvsd 

•  The  sentence  in  bracketa  is  not  found  in  all  manuscript* ;  nor  » 
itVknowledged  by  the  Greek  translator.  Verheyk,  CelUnus,  and 
Twchucke  omit  it.  "Some  say  that  thin  henuaphrodite  ^vll3  born  in 
the  following  year,  and  that  a  great  pcstUenco  ensued.  -Mo-dnmA 
Voder,    Scfc  Livy,  xxviL  11,  37;  xxxi.  12,. 


cxxx.] 


ABRIDGMENT   OP  ROMAN    HISTORY. 


31 


against  the  Spaniards  in  Celtiberla.  Quintus  Pompeius  suc- 
ceeded him.  Not  long  after  Quintus  Capio  was  also  sent  to 
the  same  war,  which  a  leader  named  Viriathus  was  still  keep- 
ing up  against  the  Romans  in  Lusitania ;  through  fear  of 
whom  Viriathus  was  killed  by  his  own  men,  after  he  had  kept 
Spain  in  a  state  of  excitement  against  the  Romans  for  fourteen 
years.  He  was  at  first  a  shepherd,  then  captain  of  a  band  of 
robbers,  and  at  last  he  stirred  up  so  many  powerful  nations  to 
war.  that  he  was  considered  as  the  protector  of  Spain  against 
the  Romans.  When  his  assassins  asked  a  reward  of  the 
consul  Cjepio,  they  received  for  answer,  that  '*  it  was  never 
pleasing  to  the  Romans,  that  a  general  .should  be  killed  by  his 
own  soldiers." 

XVII.  The  consul  Quintus  Pompeius  being  afterwards  de- 
feated by  the  Numantines,  the  most  powerful  nation  of  Spain, 
made  an  ignominious  peace  with  tliem.  After  him,  the  consul 
Caius  Hostilius  Mancinus  again  concluded  a  dishonourable 
peace  with  the  Numantines,  which  the  people  and  senate 
ordered  to  be  annulled,  and  Mancinus  himself  to  be  given  up 
to  the  enemy,  that  they  might  avenge  themselves  for  the 
dissolution  of  the  treaty  on  him  with  whom  they  had  made  it.* 
After  such  signal  disgrace,  therefore,  with  which  the  Roman 
armies  had  been  twice  defeated  by  the  Numantines,  Publius 
Scipio  Africanus  was  made  consul  a  second  time,  and  sent  to 
Numantia.  He  reformed,  in  the  first  place,  the  dissolute  and 
idle  soldiery,  rather  by  inuring  them  to  labour  than  by  punish- 
ment, and  without  any  great  severity.  He  tlien  took  several 
cities  of  Spain,  some  by  force,  and  allowing  others  to  surren- 
der. At  last  he  reduced  Numantia  itself  by  famine,  after  it 
had  been  long  besieged,  and  razed  it  to  the  ground,  and 
received  the  rest  of  t^a  province  into  alliance. 
•  XVIII.  About  this  time  Attalus,  kiilg  of  Asia,  the  brother 
of  Eumenes,  died,  and  left  the  Roman  people  his  heir.  Thus 
Asia  was  added  to  the  Roman  empire  by  will. 

XIX.  Shortly  after,  also,  Decimus  Junius  Brutus  triumphed 
with  great  glory  over  the  Gallaecians  aud  Lusitanians  ;  and 
Publius  Scipio  Africanus  had  a  second  triumph  over  the  Nu- 
mantines. in  the  fourteenth  year  after  his  first  triumph  for  his 
exploits  in  Africa, 

XX.  A  war  m  the  meantime  was  kindled  in  Asia  by  Aiis- 
•  See  Florus.  ii  18 ;  Veil  Pat  il  1,  90,  Bohn'a  CL  Library. 

I  I 


■^K^ii^C'^S&S 


32 


KUTROPIUa. 


[B.IV. 


tonicus,  the  son  of  Eumenes  by  a  concubine  :  this  Eumenea 
was  the  brother  of  Attalus.  Against  him  was  sent  out  Publiu8 
Licinius  Crassus,  who  had  ample  assistance  from  several  kings, 
for  not  only  Nicomedes.  the  king  of  Bithynia,  supported  the 
Romans,  but  also  Mithridates  king  of  Pontus,  with  whom  they 
had  afterwards  a  verj*  great  war,  as  well  as  Ariarathes,  king  of 
Cappadocia,  and  Pylffimenes  of  Paphlagonia.  Crassus  not- 
withstanding was  defeated,  and  killed  in  battle ;  his  head  was 
carried  to  Aristonicus,  and  his  body  buried  at  Smyrna.  Soon 
after  Perperna,  the  Roman  consul,  who  was  appointed  suc- 
cessor to  Crassus,  hearing  of  the  event  of  the  war,  hastened  to 
Asia ;  and  defeating  Aristonicus  in  battle,  near  the  city  Strato- 
nice  to  which  he  had  fled,  reduced  him  by  famine  to  surrender. 
Aristonicus.  by  command  of  the  senate,  was  strangled  iu 
prison  at  Rome  :  for  a  triumph  could  hot  be  celebrated  on  his 
account,   because  Perperna  had   died  at  Pergamus  ox\  his 

return. 

XXI.  In  the  consulate  of  Lucius  C»cilius  Metellus  and 
Titus  Quintius  Flamininus,  Carthage  in  Africa,  which  still 
exists,  was  rebuilt  by  order  of  the  senate,  two  and  twenty  years 
after  it  had  been  destroyed  by  Scipio.  A  colony  of  lloman 
citizens  was  sent  out  thither. 

XXII.  In  the  six  hundred  and  twenty-seventh  year  from 
the  founding  of  the  city,  Caius  Cassius  Longinus  and  Sextus 
Domitius  Calvinus,  the  consuls,  made  war  upon  the  Trans 
alpino  Gauls,  and  tlie  city  of  the  Arverni,  at  that  time  very 
distinguished,  and  their  king,  Bituitus;  and  slew  a  vast 
number  of  men  near  the  river  Rhone.  A  great  booty,  consist- 
ing of  the  golden  collars  of  the  Gauls,  was  brought  to  Rome. 
Bituitus  surrendered  himself  to  Domitius,  and  was  conveyed 
by  him  to  Rome ;   and  both  consuls  triumphed  with  great 

glorv 

XXIII.  In  the  consulship  of  Marcus  Porcius  Cato  and 
Quintus  MfiJcius  Rex,  in  the  six  hundred  and  thirty-tliird  year 
from  the  building  of  the  city,  a  colony  was  led  out  to  Narbonne 
in  Gaul.  Afterwards  a  triumph  was  obtained  over  Dalmatia 
by  the  consuls  Lucius  Metellus  and  Quintus  Mucins  Scjevola. 

XXIV.  In  the  six  hundred  and  thirty-fifth  year  from  the 
building  of  the  city,  the  consul  Caius  Cato  made  war  upcn  the 
Sc  >nlisri,  and  fought  with  tliem  to  his  dishonour. 

XXV.  When  Caius  C©cilius  Metellus  and  Cnajus  Cai'lx. 


C.XXVIT.J         ABRIDGMENT  OF   ROMAN   HI&TORY.  33 

were  consuls,  the  Metelli,  two  brothers,  had  triumphs  on  the 
same  day,  one  for  Sardinia,  the  other  for  Thrace ;  and  news 
was  brought  to  Rome,  that  the  Cinibri  had  crossed  from  Gaul 

into  Italy. 

XXVI.  In  the  consulship  of  Publius  Scipio  Nasica  and 
Lucius  Calpurnius  Bestia,  war  was  made  upon  Jugurtha,  king 
of  Numidia,  because  he  had  murdered  Adherbal  and  Hiempsal, 
the  sons  of  Micipsa,  his  cousins,  princes,  and  allies  of  the 
Roman  people.  The  consul  Calpurnius  Bestia  being  sent 
against  him,  was  corrupted  by  the  king  s  money,  and  con- 
cluded a  most  ignominious  treaty  of  peace  with  him,  which 
was  afterwards  repudiated  by  the  senate.  Spurius  Albinus 
Postumius  proceeded  against  him  in  the  following  year :  he 
also,  through  the  agency  of  his  brother,  fought  agamst  the 
Numidians  to'his  disgrace.  ,   ^  .  ^     .,. 

XXVII.  In  the  third  place,  the  consul  Qumtus  Ceecilius 
Metellus  being  sent  out  against  him,  brought  back  the  army, 
which  he  reformed  with  great  severity  and  judgment,  without 
exercising  cruelty  on  any  one,  to  the  ancient  Roman  disciphne. 
He  defeated  Jugurtha  in  various  batUes,  killed  or  captured  his 
elephants,  and  obliged  many  of  his  towns  to  surrender  ;  and, 
when  on  the  point  of  putting  an  end  to  the  war,  was  succeeded 
by  Caius  Marius.  Marius  overthrew  both  Jugurtha  and  Bo(^ 
chuB,  the  king  of  Mauritania,  who  had  undertaken  to  afford 
assistance  to  Jugurtha;  he  also  took  several  towns  in  Numidia, 
and  put  an  end  to  the  war,  having,  through  the  instrumentality 
of  his  quffistor  Cornelius  Sylla,  a  distinguished  man,  taken 
Jugurtha  prisoner,  whom  Bocchus,  who  had  before  fought  for 

him,  betrayed.  . 

In  Gaul,  the  Cimbri  were  defeated  by  Marcus  Junius 
Silanus.  the  colleague  of  Quintus  Metellus,  the  Scordisci  and 
Triballi  in  Macedonia  by  Minutius  Rufus.  and  the  Lusitani  m 
Spain  by  Servilius  Cffipio ;  and  two  triumphs  were  celebrated 
on  account  of  Jugurtha,  the  first  by  Metellus.  the  second  by 
Marius.  It  was  before  the  chariot  of  Marius,  however,  that 
Jugurtha.  with  his  two  sons,  was  led  in  chairs ;  and  he  wa» 
goon  after,  by  order  of  the  consul,  strangled  in  prison. 


Ii9 


^^^^^^i'-"'"'  "^"'" 


BOOK  V. 

The  war  with  the  Cimbri,  Teutones,  and  their  allien,  I  n.—Tho  Soci«U 
war.  III. — The  Civil  war  between  Mariua  and  Sylla,  IV.— The 
Mithridatic  war ;  the  Thracian ;  continuatioQ  and  concluaion  of 
the  Civil  war,  V.— IX. 

I.  While  the  war  was  going  on  in  Nuraidia  against  Jugurtha, 
the  Roman  consuls,  Marcus  Manilas  and  Quintus  Csepio,  were 
defeated  by  the  Cimbri,  Teutones,  Tigdrini,  and  Ambrouea, 
nations  of  Germany  and  Gaul,  near  the  river  Rhone;  and, 
being  reduced  by  a  terrible  slaughter,  lost  their  very  camp,  aa 
f/ell  as  the  greater  part  of  tlicir  array.  Great  was  the  con- 
sternation at  Rome,  such  as  was  scarcely  experienced  during 
Ihe  Punic  wars  in  the  time  of  Hannibal,  from  dread  that  the 
Gauls  might  again  march  to  the  city.  Marius,  in  consequence, 
aTter  his  victory  over  Jugurtha,  was  created  consul  the  second 
time,  and  the  war  against  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones  was  com- 
mitted to  his  management.  The  consulship  was  also  conff  rred 
on  him  a  tliird  and  fourth  time,  in  consequence  of  the  war 
with  the  Cimori  being  protracted  :  but  in  his  fourth  consul- 
ship he  had  for  his  colleague  Quintus  Lutatius  Catulus.  He 
came  to  battle,  accordingly,*  with  the  Cimbri,  and  in  two 
engagements  killed  two  hundred  thousand  of  tlie  enemy,  and 
took  eighty  thousand  prisoners,  with  their  general  Teutobo- 
dos ;  for  which  service  he  was  elected  consul  a  fifth  time 
during  his  absence. 

II.  In  the  meantime  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones,  whose 
force  was  still  innumerable,  passed  over  into  Italy.  Another 
battle  was  fought  with  them,  by  Caius  Marius  and  Quintus 
Catulus,  though  with  greatei  success  on  the  part-of  Catulus , 
for  in  tliat  battle,  in  which  they  both  commanded,  a  hundred 
and  forty  thousand  were  either  slain  in  the  field  or  in  the  pur- 
suit, and  sixty  thousand  taken  prisoners.  Of  the  Roman 
soldiers  in  the  two  armies  three  hundred  fell.  Tliirty-three 
standards  were  taken  from  the  Cimbri ;  of  which  the  army 
of  Marius  captured  two,  that  of  Catulus.  tliirly-one.  This 
was  the  end  of  the  war :  a  triumph  was  decreed  to  both  the 
consuls. 

'III.  In  the  consulship  of  Sextus  Julius  Ctesar  and  Lucius 

•  ftaque.]  fiutropiua  seemf  to  intimate  that  it  wm  becau8«  Manua 
LuA  Catuluj  for  his  collea^e  thai  he  proceeded  to  enga^  the  Cimbri. 


c.v] 


ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN  HISTORY. 


35 


Marcius  Philippus,  in  the  six  hundred  and  fifty-nintb  year 
from  the  building  of  the  city,  when  almost  all  other  wars  were 
at  an  end,  the  Piceni,  Marsi,  and  Peligni,  excited  a  most 
dangerous  war  in  luly ;  for  after  they  had  lived  for  many 
years  in  subjection  to  the  Roman  people,  they  now  began  to 
assert  their  claim  to  equal  privileges.     This  was  a  very  de- 
structive war.     Publius  Rutilius,  one  of  the  consuls,  Csepio,  a 
nobleman  in  the  flower  of  his  age,  and  Porcius  Cato,  another 
consul,  were  killed  in  it     The  generals  against  the  Romans 
on  the   part  of  the   Piceni   and    Marsi  were  Titus  Vettius, 
Hierius   Asinius,   Titus    Hereunius.    and   Aulus   Cluentius. 
The  Romans  fought  against  them  successfully  under  the  con- 
duct of  Caius  Marius,  who  had  now  been  made  consul  for  the 
sixth  time,  also  under  Cnaeus  Pompey,  but  particularly  under 
Lucius   Cornelius  Syjla,  who,  among  other   signal  exploits. 
80  completely  routed'  Cluentius,  one  of  the  enemy's  generals, 
with  his  numerous  forces,  that  he  lost  only  one  man  of  his  o\vn 
army.     The  war,  however,  was  protracted  for  four  years,  with 
great  havoc  ;  at  length,  in  the  fifth,  it  was  terminated  by^^ 
Lucius  Cornelius  Sylla  when  consul,  who  had  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself  on  many  occasions  when  praetor  in  the 

same  war. 

IV.  In  the  six  hundred  and  sixty  second  year  from  .the 
foundation  of  the  city,  the  first  civil  war  began  at  Rome  ;  and 
in  the  same  year  also  the  Mithridatic  war.  Marius,  when  in 
his  sixth  consulship,  gave  rise  to  the  Civil  war;  for  when' 
Sylla.  the  consul,  was  sent  to  conduct  the  war  against  Mithri- 
dates,  who  had  possessed  himself  of  Asia  and  Achaia,  and 
delayed  his  army  for  a  short  time  in  Campania,  in  order  that 
the  remains  of  the  Social  war,  of  which  we  have  just  spoken, 
and  which- had. been  carried  on  within  the  limits  of  Italy, 
might  be  extinguished,  Marius  showed  himself  ambitious  to 
be  appointed  to  the  Mithridatic  war.  Sylla,  being  incensed  at 
this  conduct,  marched  to  Rome  with  his  array.  There  he 
fought  with  Marius  and  Sulpicius  :  he  was  the  first  to  enter 
the  city  in  arms  ;  Sulpic-ius  he  killed  ;  Marius  he  put  to  flight; 
and  then,  having  appointed  Cnseus  Octavius  and  Lucius  Cor- 
nelius Cinna  the  consuls  for  the  year  ensuing,  set  out  for 

Asia. 

V.  For  Mithridates,  who  was  king  of  Pontus,  and  possessed 
Armenia  Minor  and  the  entire  circuit  of  the  Pontic  sea  with 


36 


EUTBOPIUa. 


!>• 


the  Bosphorus,  first  attempted  to  expel  Nicomedes,  an  allj  of 
the  Romans,  from  Bithynia ;  sending  word  to  the  senate,  tlmt 
he  was  going  to  make  war  upon  him  on  account  of  the  injuries 
which  he  had  received.  Answer  was  returned  by  the  senate  to 
Mithridates,  that  if  he  did  so  he  himself  should  feel  the 
weight  of  a  war  from  the  Romans.  Incensed  at  this  reply,  he 
immediately  invaded  Cappadocia,  and  expelled  from  thence 
Ariobarzanes  the  king,  an  ally  of  the  Roman  people^  He  next 
marched  into  Bithynia  and  Paphlagonia,  driving  out  the  kings, 
Pylsemenes  and  Kicomedes,  who  wore  also  in  alliance  with  the 
Romans.  He  then  hastened  to  Ephesus,  and  sent  letters  into 
all  parts  of  Asia,  with  directions  that  wherever  any  Roman 
citizens  should  be  found,  they  should  all  be  pub  to  death  the 
same  day. 

VI.  In  the  meantime  Athens  also,  a  city  of  Achai^  was 
delivered  up  to  Miihridates  by  Aristion  an  Athenian.  For 
ilithridates  had  previously  sent  Archelaus,  his  general,  into 
Achaia,  with  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  horse  and  foot,  by 
wliora  the  rest  of  Greece  was  also  occupied.  Sylla  besieged 
Archelaus  at  the  Pir»eus  near  Athens,  and  took  the  city  itself. 
Engaging  afterwards  in  battle  with  Archelaus,  he  gave  him 
such  a  defeat,  that  out  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  of 
the  army  of  Archelaus  scarce  ten  remained ;  while  of  that  of 
Sylla  only  fourteen  were  killed.  Mithridates,  on  receiving 
intelligence  of  this  battle,  sent  seventy  thousand  chosen  troops 
out  of  Asia  to  Archelaus,  with  whom  Sylla  came  again  to  an 
engagement.  In  the  first  battle  twenty  thousand  of  the  enemy 
were  slain,  and  Diogenes,  the  son  of  Archelaus  ;  in  the  second 
the  entire  forces  of  Mithridates  were  cut  off.  Archelaus 
himself  lay  hid  for  three  days,  stript  of  his  armour,  in  the 
marshes.  On  the  news  of  this  state  of  things,  Mithridates 
sent  orders  to  treat  with  Sylla  concerning  peace. 

VII.  In  the  meantime  Sylia  also  reduced  part  of  the  Dar- 
danians,  Scordisci,  Dalmatians,  and  Mcediaus,  and  granted 
terms  of  alliance  to  the  rest.  But  when  ambassadors  arrived 
from  King  Mithridates  to  treat  about  peace,  Sylla  repUed 
tliat  )ie  would  grant  it  on  no  other  condition  than  that  ho 
should  quit  the  countries  on  which  he  had  seized,  and  with- 
draw into  his  onnti  dominions.  Afterwards,  however,  the  two 
came  to  a  conference,  and  peace  was  settled  between  them,  in 
order  that  Sylla,  who  was  in  haste  to  proceed  to  the  Civil  war. 


C.  IX.]  ABRIDGMENT  OP  ROMAN   HISTCRY.  37 

might  leavGTio  danger  in  his  rear  ;  for  while  Sylla  was  victo. 
rious  over  Mithridates  in  Achaia  vnd  Asia,  Maiius,  who  had 
been  driven  from  the  city,  and  Cornelius  Cinna,  one  of  the 
consuls,  had  recommenced  hostilities  in  Italy,  and  entering 
Rome,  put  to  death  the  noblest  of  the  senators  and  others  of 
consular  rank,  proscribed  many,  and  pulling  down  the  house  of 
Sylla  himself,  forced  his  sons  <4nd  wife  to  seek  safety  by  flight; 
while  all  tho  rest  of  the  senate,  hastily  quitting  the  city,  fled 
to  Sylla  in  Cc-oce,  entreating  him  to  come  to  the  support  of 
his  country.  He  accordingly  crosse Lover  into  Italy,  to  con- 
duct the  Civil  war  against  the  consuls  Norbanus  and  Scipio. 
In  the  first  battle  he  engaged  with  Norbanus  not  far  from  Capua, 
vhen  he  killed  seven  thousand  of  his  men,  and  took  six  thou- 
sand prisoners,  losing  only  a  hundred  and  twenty- four  of  his 
own  army.  From  thence  he  directed  his  efforts  against 
Scipio,  and  before  a  battle  was  fought,  or  any  blood  shed,  he 
received  the  surrender  of  his  whole  array. 

VIII.  But  on  a  change  of  consuls  at  Rome,  and  the  election 
of  Marius,  the  son  of  Marius,  and  Papirius  Carbo  to  the  con- 
sulate, Sylla  again  came  to  battle  with  Marius  the  younger, 
find  killed  fifteen  thousand  men,  with  the  loss  of  only  four 
hundred.     Immediately  afterwards  also  he  entered  the  city. 
He   then  pursued   Marius,    the   younger,   to    Praeneste,  be- 
sieged him  there,  and  drove  him  even'tt)  celf-destruction.     He 
aftervN-ards  fought  a  terrible  battle  with  Lamponius  and  Cari- 
nas, the  leaders  of  tlie  Marian  faction,  near  the  CoUine  gate. 
The  number  of  the  enemy  in  that  battle  against  Sylla  is  said 
to  have  been  seventy  thousand  ;  twelve  thousand  surrendered 
themselves  to  Sylla :  the  rest  were  cut  off  in  the  field,  in  the 
camp,  or  in  the  pursuit,  by  the  insatiable  resentment  of  the 
conqueror.     Cnseus   Carbo  also,  the  other  coasul,  fled  from 
Ariminum  into  Sicily,  and  was  there  slain  by  Cnaeus  Pompey: 
to  whom,  although  but  a  young  man,  being  only  oi^-and-twenty 
years  of  age,  Sylla,  perceiving  his  activity,  had  committed  the 
management  of  his  troops,  so  that  he  was  accounted  s.'^cond 
only  to  Sylla  himself.  j   o-    i 

iX.  Carbo,  then,  being  killed,  Pompey  recovered  Sicily. 
Crossing  next  over  into  Africa,  he  put  to  death  Domitius,  a 
leader  on  the  side  of  ifp.rir^,  and  Hiarbas  the  king  of  Mauri- 
tania, who  had  given  assistance  to  Domitius.  After  these 
events,  Sylla  celebrated  a  triumph  with  great  pomp  for  his 


/■:--W.'5i.- 


33 


ErTT>or!US. 


[b.vl 


success  agRinst  Mlthridates.  Cnseus  Pompey  also,  while  only 
in  his  twenty-fouiih  year,  was  allowed  a  triumph  for  his  victo- 
ries in  Africa,  a  privilege  which  had  been  granted  to  nd  Roman 
before  him.  Such  was  the  termination  of  two  most  lament- 
able wai-s,  the  Italian,  also  called  the  Social,  and  the  Civil, 
which  lasted  for  ten  years,  and  occasioned  the  destmctiou  of 
more  than  a  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  men  :  twenty-four  of 
consular  rank,  seven  of  pnctorian,  sixty  of  that  of  tcdilo,  and 
nearly  three  hundred  senators. 


BOOK   VI. 


War  with  Sertoriua  in  Spain  ;  wars  in  Macednnia,  Pnmphylia,  CiUda, 
'and  Dalmatia,  I. — IV. — Nicomudv^,  king  of  Bitbyuiu,  makes  the 
Romans  his  heir« ;  continuation  of  the  war  with  Mithridatea ; 
wars  with  the  slaves,  piratea,  and  Macedonians,  V. — XII.— Acta 
of  Pompey  against  Tigmnes,  and  in  other  parts  of  Asia,  XIIL 
XIV. — Conspiracy  of  Catiline,  XV. — Triumphs  of  Pomixjy  and 
Metellus,  XVI. — Wars  of  Caesar  in  Gaul.  XVII.— Proceeding*  of 
Cras^us  in  Parthia,  XVIIL — Civil  war  between  CaesAr  and  Pompey, 
XIX.— XXV. 

I.  In  the  consulate  of  Marcus  .^milius  Lepidns  and 
Quiutus  Catulus,  after  Sylla  had  composed  the  troubles  of  the 
state,  new  wars  broke  out ;  one  in  Spain,  another  in  Pamphylia 
and  Cilicia,  a  third  in  Macedonia,  a  fourth  in  Dalmatia.  Ser- 
torius.  who  had  taken  the  side  of  Mnrius,  dreading  the  fate  of 
others  who  had  been  cut  off,  excited  tiie  Spaniards  to  a  war. 
The  generals  sent  against  him  were  Qiiintus  Caecilius  Metellus, 
the  son  of  that  Metellus  who  had  subdued  Juguitha,  and  the 
pnctor  Lucius  Domitius.  Domitius  was  killed  by  liirtuleius, 
Sertorius's  general.  Metellus  contended  against  Sertorius 
with  various  success.  At  length,  as  Metellus  was  thought 
singly  unequal  to  tho  war,  Cnseus  Pompey  was  sent  into  Spain. 
Thus,  two  generals  being  opposed  to  him,  Sertorius  often 
fought  with  very  uncertain  fortune.  At  last,  in  the  eighth 
year  of  the  war,  he  was  put  to  death  by  his  own  soldiers,  and 
an  end  made  of  the  war  by  Cnseus  Pompey,  at  that  time  but  a 
young  man,  and  Quintus  Metellus  Pius ;  and  nearly  the  whole 
of  Spain  was  brought  under  the  dominion  of  the  Roman 
people. 


C.  TI.]  ABRIDGMENT   OF  ROMAN    HISTORY.  39 

II.  Appius  Claudius,  on  the  expiration  of  his  consulate, 
was  sent  into  Macedonia.  He  had  some  skirmishes  with 
different  tribes  that  inhabited  the  province  of  Rhodopa,*  and 
there  fell  ill  and  died.  Cnaeus  Scribonius  Curio,  on  the 
termination  of  his  consulship,  was  sent  to  succeed  him.  He 
conquered  the  Dardaniaus,  penetrated  as  far  as  the  Danube, 
and  obtained  the  honour  of  a  trium^^h,  putting  an  end  to  the 
war  within  three  years. 

III.  Publius  Servilius,  an  energetic  man,  was  sent,  after  his 
consulate,  into  Cilicia  and  Pamphylia.  He  reduced  Cilicia, 
besieged  and  took  the  most  eminent  cities  of  Lycia,  amongst  ^ 
them  Phaselis,  Olympus,  and  Corycus.  The  Isauri  he  also 
attacked,  and  compelled  to  surrender,  and,  within  three  years, 
put  an  end  to  the  war.  He  was  the  first  of  the  Romans  that 
marched  over  Mount  Taurus.     On  his  retuni,  he  was  granted 

a  triumph,  and  acquired  the  surname  of  Isauricus. 

IV.  Cnaeus  Cosconius  was  sent  into  Illyricum  as  proconsul. 
He  reduced  a  great  part  of  Dalmatia,  took  Salonae,  and,  h^nng 
made  an  end  of  the  war,  returned  to  Rome  after  an  absence 

of  two  years. 

V.  About  the  same  time,  the  consul  Marcus  ^milms 
Lepidus,  the  colleague  of  Catulus,  attempted  to  kindle  a  civil 
war;  but  in  one  summer  that  commotion  was  suppressed. 
Thus  there  were  several  triumphs  at  the  same  time,  that  of 
Metellus  for  Spain,  a  second  for  Spain  obtained  by  Pompey, 
on<-  of  Curio  for  Macedonia,  and  one  of  Servilias  for  Isauria. 

VI.  In  the  six  hundred  and  seventy-sixth  year  from  the 
building  of  the  city,  in  the  consulate  of  .Lucius  Licmms 
Lucullus  and  Marcus  Aurelius  Cotta.  Nicomedes,  kmg  of 
Bithynia,  died,  appointing  by  bis  will  the  Roman  people  his 

Midiridates,  breaking  the  peace,  again  proceeded  to  invade 
Bithynia  and  Asia.  Both  the  consuls  being  sent  out  against 
him.  met  with  various  success.  Cotta.  beUig  defeated  by  him 
in  a  battle  near  Chalcedon,  was  even  forced  into  the  lowu.  and 
besieged  there.  But  Mithridates.  having  marched  from  thence 
to  Cyzicus,  that,  after  capturing  that  city,  he  might  overrun^all 
Asia,  Lucullus,  the  other  consul,  met  him  ;  and,  whilst  Mithri- 
dates was  detained  at  the  siege  of  Cyzicus.  besieged  him  m 

•  Lying  on  the  river  Melaa,  above  the  Hellespont,  neai  the  Pro- 
pontia.— i/fwiawie  Dacier.  r 


S.V1, 


iv' t ; 


r^^^S 


40 


EUTR0PIU8. 


[B.rt 


the  real,  exhausted  him  with  famine,  defeated  him  in  several 
hattles,  and  at  hist  pursued  hira  to  Byzantium,  now  called 
Constantinople.  LucuUus  also  vanquished  his  coramandere  io 
a  sea-fight.  Thus,  in  a  single  winter  and  summer,  almost  a 
hundred  thousand  men  on  the  kings  side  were  cui  off  by 

Lucullu:>. 

VII.  In  the  six  hundred  and  seventy-eighth  >ear  of  Romo. 
Marcus  Licinius  Lucullus,  the  cousin  of  that  LucuUus  who 
had  carried  on  the  war  against  Mithridates,  obtained  the 
province  of  Macedonia.  A  new  war,  too,  suddenly  sprung  up  in 
Italy  :  for  eighty-four  gladiators,  led  by  Spartacus.  Crixus,  and 
(Enoraaus,  having  broken  out  of  a  school  at  Capua,  made 
their  escape ;  and,  wandering  over  Italy,  kindled  a  war  in  it, 
not  much  less  serious  than  that  which  Hannibal  had  raised  ; 
for,  after  defeating  several  generals  and  two  consuls  of  the 
Romans,  thev  collected  an  army  of  nearly  sixty  thousand  men. 
They  were/ however,  defeated  in  Apulia  by  the  proconsul 
Marcus  Licinius  Crassus ;  and,  after  much  calamity  to  Italy, 
the  war  was  terminated  in  its  third  year. 

VIII.  In  the  six  hundred  and  eighty-first  year  from  the 
founding  of  the  city,  in  the  consulate  of  Publius  Cornelius 
Lentulus  and  Cnieus  Aufidius  Orestes,  there  were  but  two 
•:vars  of  any  importance  throughout  the  Roman  empire,  thp 
Mithridatic  and  the  Macedonian.  Of  these  the  two  Luculli, 
Lucius  and  Marcus,  had  the  direction.  Lucius  Lucullus,  after 
the  battle  at  Cyzicus,  in  which  he  had  conquered  Mithridates, 
and  the  sea-fight,  in  which  he  had  overcome  his  generals, 
pursued  him;  and,  recovering  Paphlagonia  and  Bithynia, 
invaded  his  very  kingdom.  He  took  Sinope  and  Amisus,  two 
most  eminent  cities  of  Pontus.  In  a  second  battle,  near  the 
city  Cabira,  where  Mithridates  had  assembled  a  vast  army 
from  all  parts  of  his  kingdom,  thirty  thousand  of  the  king's 
chosen  troops  were  cut  in  pieces  by  five  thousand  of  the 
Romans,  and  Mithridates  was  put  to  flight  and  his  camp 
plundered.  Armenia  Minor,  also,  of  which  he  had  taken 
possession,  was  wrested  from  him.  Mithridates  was,  however, 
received  after  his  flight  by  Tigranes,  the  king  of  Armenia, 
who  at  that  time  reigned  in  great  glory ;  for  he  had  frequently 
defeated  the  Persians,  and  had  made  himself  master  of  Meso- 
potamia. Syria,  and  part  of  Phoenicia. 

IX.  Lucullus.  therefore,  still  pursuinsj  hia  routed  enemy, 


CXI.] 


ABRlDGaiENT  OF  ROMAK  HISTORr, 


il 


entered  even  the  kingdom  of  Tigranes,  who"  ruled  over  both 
the  Armenias.  Tigranocerta,  the  most  noble  city  of  Armenia, 
he  succeeded  in  taking;  the  king  himself,  who  advanced 
against  him  with  six  hundred  thousand  cuirassiers,  and  a  hun- 
dred thousand  archers  and  other  troops,  he  so  completely 
defeated  with  a  force  of  only  eighteJo  thousand,  that  he  anni- 
hilated a  great  part  of  the  Armenians?  Mirching  from  thence 
to  Nisibis,  he  took  that  city  also,  and  made  the  king*g  brother 
prisoner.  But  as  those  whom  LucuUus  had  left  in  Pontus 
with  part  of  the  army  in  order  to  defend  the  conquered 
countries  belonging  to  the  Romans,  grew  negligent  and 
avaricious  in  their  conduct,  they  gave  Mithridates  an  oppor- 
tunity of  again  making  an  irruption  into  Pontes,  and  thus  the 
war  was  renewed.  While  Lucullus,  after  the  reduction  of 
Nisibis,  was  preparing  for  an  expedition  against  the  Persians, 
a  successor  was  sent  out  to  take  his  place.  ^ 

X.  The  other  Lucullus,  who  had  the  management  of  afi^rs 
in  Macedonia,  was  the  first  of  the  Romans  that  made  war  upoff 
the  Bessi,  defeating  them  in  a  great  battle  on  Mount  Haemus; 
he  reduced  the  town  of  Uscudama,  which  the  Bessi  inhabited, 
on  the  same  day  in  which  he  attacked  it ;  he  also  took  Cabyle, 
and  penetrated  as  far  as  the  river  Danube.  He  then  besieged 
several  cities  lying  above  Pontus,  where  he  destroyed  Apol- 
lonia,  Calatis,  Parthenopolis,  Tomi,  Histros,  and  Eurziaone,* 
and,  putting  an  end  to  the  war,  returned  to  Rome.  Both  the 
LuculU  however  triumphed,  but  the  Lucullus,  who  had  fought 
against  Mithridates,  with  the  greater  glory,  because  he  nad 
returned  \  ictorious  over  such  powerful  nations. 

XI.  After  the  Macedonian  war  was  ended,  but  while  that 
with  Mithridates  still  continued  (which,  on  the  departure  of 
Lucullus,  that  king  had  renewed,  collecting  all  his  forces  for 
the  purpose),  Ihe  Cretan  war  arose,  and  Ca^cilius  Metellus 
being  sent  to  >:«oduct  it,  secured  the  whole  province,  by  a  suc- 
cession of  grefit  battles,  within  three  years,  and  received  the 
appellation  of  Creticus,  and  a  triumph  on  account  of  the 
island.     About  this  time  Libya  also,  by  the  will  of  Apion,  the 

•  Bimiaonem.]  Thus  Bt&nda  ibe  word  in  the  editions  of  Havercamp, 
Verbeyk,  and  Tzschucke ;  but  none  of  them  think  it  right.  Cellariua 
conjectured  Bizonen,  Bil^bn'ij  being  mentioned  by  Strabo,  lib,  vii.  as  a 
city  between  ApoUonia  and  Calatis;  and  no  other  ciitic  has  found 
anything  better  to  ofifexL 


42 


EUTROPIUS. 


[b.vl 


C.  XVII.]  ABKIDGMENT  OF   ROMAN   HISTORY. 


43 


kin*  of  the  country,  was  adJed  to  the  Roman  empire ;  m  it 
were  the  celel»ratP'f  cities,  Berenice,  Ptolemais.  and  Cyreno. 

XII.  During'  these  transactions,  pirates  infested  all  the 
seas,  so  that  navigation,  and  that  alone,  was  unsafe  to  the 
Romans,  who  were  now  victorious  througliout  the  world.  The 
war  against  these  pirates,  therefore,  was  committed  to  Cuaeus 
Pompey,  who,  with  saq)rising  success  and  celerity,  finished  it 
in  the  course  of  a  few  months.  Soon  after,  the  war  against 
Mithridatci*  and  Tigranes  was  entrusted  to  him  ;  in  the  con- 
duct of  which,  he  overcame  Mithridates  in  Armenia  Minor  in 
a  battle  by  night,  and  plundered  his  camp,  killing  at  the  same 
time  forty  thousand  of  his  troops,  while  he  lost  only  twenty  of 
his  own  men,  and  two  centurions.  Mithridates  fled  with  his 
wife  and  two  attendants ;  and  not  long  after,  in  cousequence 
of  his  cruelty  to  his  own  family,  ho  was  reduced,  through  a 
sedition  excited  among  his  soldiers  by  his  son  Pharnaces.  to 
the  necessity  of  putting  an  end  to  his  existence,  and  swallowed 
poison.  Such  was  the  end  of  Miihridates,  a  man  of  singular 
energy  and  ability;  his  death  hap['ened  near  the  Bosporus. 
He  rei^rned  sixty  years,  lived  seventy-two,  and  maintamed  a 
war  against  the  Romans  for  forty. 

XIII.  Pompey  next  made  war  upon  Tigranes.  who  sur- 
rendered himself,  coming  to  Pompey 's  camp  at  sixteen  miles 
distance  from  Artaxata;  and,  throwing  himself  at  his  feet, 
placed  in  his  hands  his  diadem,  which  Pompey  returned  to 
him,  and  treated  him  with  great  respect,  but  obliged  him  to 
give  up  part  of  his  dominions  and  to  pay  a  large  sum  of 
money :  Syiia,  Phoenicia,  and  Sophene.  were  taken  from  him. 
and  six  thousand  talents  of  silver,  which  he  had  to  pay  to  the 
Roman   people  because,  he  had  raised  a  war  against  them 

without  cause. 

XIV.  Pompey  soon  after  made  war  also  upon  the  Albani  ;• 
and  defeated  their  king  Orodes  three  times ;  at  length,  being 
prevailed  upon  by  letters  and  presents,  he  granted  him  par- 
don and  peace.  He  also  defeated  Artoces,  king  of  Iberia.t  in 
battle,  and  reduced  him  to  surrender.  Armenia  Minor  he 
conferred  upon  Deiotarus,  the  king  of  Galatia,  because  he  had 
acted  as  his  ally  in  the   Mithridatic  war.     To  Attalus  and 

•  S«e  Jiiatin,  xUL  3. 

+  The  Iberians  are  mentioned  •■  a  people  bordering  on  the  AJbant 
Ij  PiutATch,  LuculL  c  26,  and  by  Flonia,  iii.  5. 


Pyk»}nKncs  he  restored  Paphlagonia ;  and  appointed  Ari- 
Btarchus  king  of  the  Colchians.  Shortly  after  he  subdued  the 
Itureans  and  Arabians ;  and,  on  entering  Syria,  rewarded 
Seleucia,  a  city  near  Antioch,  with  independence,  because  it 
had  not  admitted  King  Tigranes.  To  the  inhabitants  of  An- 
tioch he  restored  their  hostages.  On  those  of  Daphne,  being 
charmed  with  the  beauty  of  the  spot  and  the  abundance  of 
water,  he  bestowed  a  portion  of  land,  in  order  that  their  grove 
might  be  enlarged.  Marching  from  thence  to  Judea,  he  took 
Jerusalem,  the  capital,  in  the  third  month;  twelve  thousand 
of  the  Jews  being  slain,  and  the  rest  allowed  to  surrender  on 
terms.  After  these  achievements,  be  returned  into  Asia, 
and  put  an  end  to  this  most  tedious  war. 

XV.  In  the  consulate  of  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  the  orator, 
and  Caius  Antonius,  in  the  six  hundred  and  eighty-ninth  year 
from  the  foundation  of  the  city,  Lucius  Sergius  Catiline,  a 
man  of  very  noble  family,  but  of  a  most  corrupt  disposition, 
cons[>ired  to  destroy  his  country,  in  conjunction  with  some 
other  eminent  but  desperate  characters.  He  was  expelled 
from  the  city  by  Cicero ;  his  accomplices  were  apprehended 
ami  stmnglcd  in  prison  ;  and  he  himself  was  defeated  and 
killed  in  battle  by  Antonius,  the  other  consul. 

XVI.  In  tho  six  hundred  and  ninetieth  year  from  the 
building  of  the  city,  in  the  consulate  of  Decimus  Junius 
Silanus  and  Lucius  Mursena,  Metellus  triumphed  on  account 
of  Crete,  Pompey  for  the  Piratic  and  Mithridatic  wars.  No 
triumphal  procession  was  v.ver  equal  to  this ;  the  sons  of 
Mithridates,  the  son  of  Tigranes,  and  Aristobulus,  king  of  the 
Jews,  were  led  before  his  car;  a  vast  sum  of  money,  an  im- 
ineuse  mass  of  gold  and  silver,  was  carried  in  front.  At  this 
time  there  was  no  war  of  any  importance  throughout  the 
world. 

XVII.  In  the  six  hundred  and  ninety-third  year  from  the 

founding  of  the  city,  Caius  Julius  Cjcsar,  who  was  afterwards 

emperor,  was  made  consul  with  Lucius  Bibulus :   and  Gaul 

and  Illyiicum.  with  ten  legions,  were  decreed  to  him.     He 

first  subdued  the  Ilelvetii,  who  are  now  called  Sequani;*   and 

•  Qui  nunc  Scnuani  appeUantur.]  Between  the  Sequani  and  Helvetii 
was  the  lofty  mount  Jura,  according  to  the  description  given  of  their 
position  by  Caesar,  B.  G.  i  2.  If  what  Eutropiua  says  is  true,  the 
change  of  name  must  have  arisen  from  the  intercouree  of  the  two 
people.    See  Cellariua  Geo^.  Ant.  ii  3,  50,-' I^chuckc 


.•--•>.■* 


r-;^  '■' 


^.^ts^%f- 


44 


EUTR0PIU8. 


aflervrards,  by  conquering  in  most  formidable  wars,  pro 
ceeded  as  far  as  the  British  ocean.  In  about  nine  years  he 
subdued  all  that  part  of  Gaul  which  lies  between  the  Alps, 
the  river  Rhone,  the  Pwhine,  and  the  Ocean,  ard  extends  in 
circumference  nearly  three  thousand  two  hundred  miles.  He 
next  made  war  upon  the  Britons,  to  whom  not  even  the  name 
of  the  Romans  was  known  before  his  time ;  and  having  subdued 
them,  and  received  hostages,  sentenced  them  to  pay  a  tribute. 
On  Gaul,  under  the  name  of  tribute,  he  imposed  the  yearly 
sum  of  forty  thousand  sestertia;*  and  invading  the  Germans 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Rhine,  defeated  them  in  several  most 
sanguinary  engigements.  Among  so  many  successes,  he  met 
with  three  defeats,  once  in  person  among  the  Arvemi,  and 
twice  in  Germany  during  his  absence;  for  two  of  his  lieu- 
tenant-generals, Titurius  and  Aurunculeius,  were  cut  off  by 
ambuscades. 

XVI II.  About  the  same  time,  in  the  six  hundred  and 
ninety-seventh  year  from  the  foundation  of  the  city,'  Marcus 
Liciuius  Crassus,  the  colleague  of  Cnaus  Pompoy  the  Great 
in  his  second  consulship,  was  sent  against  the  Parthians ;  and 
having  engaged  the  enemy  near  Carrae,  contrary  to  the  omens 
and  auspices,  was  defeated  by  Surena,  the  general  of  king 
Orodes,  and  at  last  killed,  together  with  his  son,  a  most  noble 
and  excellent  young  man.  Thor  remains  of  the  army  were 
saved  by  Caius  Cassius  the  quaestor,  who,  with  singular 
courage,  so  ably  retrieved  the  ruined  fortune  of  the  Romans, 
that,  in  liis  retreat  over  the  Euphrates,  he  defeated  the 
Persians  in  several  battles. 

XIX.  Soon  after  followed  the  Civil  war,  a  war  truly  exe- 
crable and  deplorable,  in  which,  besides  the  havoc  that  occurred 
in  the  several  battles,  the  fortune  of  the  Roman  people  was 
changed.f  For  Csesar,  on  returning  \'ictorious  from  Gaul,  pro- 
ceeded to  demand  another  consulship,  and  in  such  a  manner, 
that  it  was  granted  him  >vithout  hesitation ;  yet  opposition  was 
made  to  it  by  Marcellus  the  consul,  BibuJus,  Pompey,  aiid 
Cato,  and  he  was  in  consequence  ordered  to  disband  his  army 

•  Sometliing  more  than  £320,000. 

t  Romani  popuU  for  tuna  muiaia  eaO  The  fortune  of  the  Roman 
people  w  their  condition  and  state.  The  phrase  foriuna  mut'jtri,  or 
immulari,  is  used  chiefly  when  the  state  of  things  is  changed  for  tho 
worse.    Seo  CaU.  Cat  c.  2;  Jug.  c.  17;  VelL  Pat.  u.  57,  118.— Cruji^nti. 


ill 


C.XXI.J  ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN   HISTORY.  45 

and  return  to  Rome ;  in  revennr/j  for  which  insult,  he  mardi'^d 
with  his  army  from  Ariminum,  where  he  kept  his  forces 
assembled,  against  his  country.  The  consuls,  to.^aflier  with 
Pompey,  the  waole  senate,  and  all  the  nobility,  fled  froci  the 
city,  and  crossed  over  into  Greece;  and  in  Epirus,  Mpredoroa, 
and  Achaia,  the  senate,  under  Pompey  as  their  general,  pre- 
pared war  against  C»s  ' 

XX.  Caesar,  having  marched  into  the  deserted  city,  made 
himself  dictator.  Soon  after  he  set  out  for  Snain,  where  he 
deleated  the  armies  of  Pompey.  which  were  verV  powerful  and 
brave,  with  their  three  generals,  Lucius  Afranius,  Marcus 
Petreius,  and  Marcus  Varro.  Returning  from  thence,  he  went 
over  into  Greece.  He  took  the  held  again,-t  Pompey,  but  in 
tlie  first  battle  was  defeated  and  put  to  flij/ut ;  be  escaped, 
however,  because  Pompey  declined  to  pursue  hiTn,  as  the  night 
was  coming  on ;  when  C»sar  remarked,  that  Pompey  kiiew 
not  how  to  conquer,  and  that  that  was  tlie  only  day  oii  which 
he  himself  mi|^ht  have  been  vancjuished.  Thev  next  fought 
at  Palffopharsalus,*  in  Tlicssaly.  leading  great  forces  into  the 
field  on  both  sides.  The  aj-my  of  Pompey  consisted  of  forty 
thousand  foot,  six  hundred  horse  on  the  left  wing,  and  five 
hundred  on  the  right,  besides  auxiliary  troops  from  t.  whole 
east,  and  all  the  nobility,  senators  without  number,  mt.:  of 
praetorian  and  consular  rank,  and  some  who  had  ab-ea(l> 
been  conquerors  of  powerful  nations.  Ca3sar  had  not  quite 
thirty  tliousand  infantry  in  his  army,  and  but  one  thousand 
horse. 

XXI.  Never  before  had  a  greater  number  of  Roman  forces 
assembled  in  one  place,  or  under  better  generals,  forces  which 
would  easily  have  subdued  the  whole  worid,  had  they  been  led 
against  barbarians.  They  fouglit  with  great  eagerness,  but 
Pompey  was  at  last  overcome,  and  his  camp  plundered. 
Pompey  himself,  when  put  to  flight,  sought  refuge  at  Alex- 
andria, witli  the  hope  of  receiving  aid  from  the  king  of  Egypt, 
to  whom,  on  account  of  his  youth,  he  had  been  appointed 
guardian  by  the  senate ;  he,  however,  regarding  fortune  rather 
than  friendship,  caused  Pompey  to  be  killed,  and  sent  his  head 
and  ring  to  Caesar ;  at  sight  oif  which  even  Caesar  is  said  to 

•  Generally  called  Pharsalua ;  but  tlie  name  Palaeopharsalus,  that  is 
Old  Pharsalus,  is  used  by  Orosius,  vL  15,  by  Strabo,  lib.  xviL.  .and  bi 
the  Greek  translator  of  Eutropiua, 


\ 


46 


ttrmoriu?. 


[B.n 


C.I.] 


A'nrJDGMENT  OP  ROMAN   HISTORY. 


47 


have  shed  tears,  as  be  viewed  the  head  of  so  great  a  mail, 

once  his  owti  son-in  law.  -p*^i,^^ 

XXII  Cffisor  soon  after  went  to  Alexandna.  Ftolemv 
attempted  to  form  a  plot  against  his  life  also ;  for  ^hich  reason 
war  was  made  upon  him,  and.  being  defeated,  he  perished  in 
the  Nile  and  his  body  was  found  covered  ^ith  a  golden  coat 
of  mail  '  Cffisar,  having  made  himself  master  of  Alexandna, 
conferred  the  kingdom  on  Cleopatra,  the  sister  of  Ptolemy, 
with  whom  he  himself  had  an  ilUcit  connexion.  On  his  return 
from  thence.  Caesar  defeated  in  battle  Pbamaces,  the  son  of 
Mithridates  the  Great,  who  had  assisted  Porapey  in  Tlicssaly. 
taken  up  arms  in  Pontus,  and  seized  upon  several  provinces 
of  the  Roman  people  ;  and  at  last  drove  him  to  self-destruc- 

XXI 11  Returning  from  thence  to  Rome,  he  created  him- 
self'a  third  time  consul  with  Marcus  .^.milius  Lepidus,  who 
had  been  his  master  of  the  horse  when  dictator  the  year  before. 
Next  he  went  into  Africa,  where  a  great  number  of  the  nobihty 
in  conjunction  with  Juba,  king  of  Mauntan.a,  had  resumed 
hostilities.  The  Roman  leaders  were  Puhlms  Cornelius  Scip  o. 
of  X  most  ancient  family  cf  Scipio  Afncanv^  (who  had  also 

been  Ihe  father-in-law  of  the  ^^[^^^^V^yJ  '' "^'"^ ^''''J^^ 
0-..rtus  Varus.  Marcus  Porcius  Cato.  and  L""^f  .^^.^^^^^ 
Favltus.  the  son  of  Sylla  the  dictator.  In  a  Patched  battfe 
fouaht  against  them.  Ca^sai-.  after  many  struggles,  was  victonous, 
Cato,  Scipio,  Petreius.  Juba.  killed  themselves  ;  Faustus.  Pom- 
nev's  son-in-law,  was  slain  by  Cepsar. 

^locTv.  On  hi^  return  to  Rome  the  year  after.  Ctesar  made 
himself  a  fourth  time  consul,  and  i"?nied.ately  proceeded  to 
Spain,  where  the  sons  of  Pompoy.  Cn^'us.  and  Sextus    had 
^ain  raised  a  formidable  war.  xMany  engagements  took  place. 
1  last  near  the  city  of  Munda.  in  which  C^sar  was  so  nearly 
defeated,  that,  upon  his  forces  giving  way,  he  fel    ^clmed  to 
kill  himself,  lest,  after  such  great  glory  in  war,  he  should  fall 
at  the  age  of   fiftv-six,  into  the  hands  of  young  men.     At 
Lngth,^ving  rallied  his  troop.,  he  gained  the  victory;  the 
elder  son  of  Pompey  was  slain,  the  younger  tied.         ^ 

XXV  The  civil  wars  throughout  the  world  bemg  now 
terminated,  Cffisar  returned  to  l^me,  and  began  to  conduct 
nimself  with  too  great  arrogance,  co".trary  to  the  us^^  of 
Roman  liberty.  As  he  disposed,  therefore,  at  his  own  pleasure. 


of 'those  honours,  which  were  before  conferred  by  the  people 
and  did  not  even  rise  up  when  the  senate  approached  him,  and 
exercised  regal,  or  almost  tyrannical  powerj  in  other  respects, 
a  conspiracy  was  formed  against  liim  by  sixty  or  more  Roman 
senatoi-a  and  knights.  The  chief  among  the  conspirators  were  thft 
two  Bruti,  (of  the  family  of  that  Brutus  who  had  been  made  first 
consul  of  Rome,  and  who  had  expelled  the  kings)  Caius  Cassius. 
and  Servilius  Casca.  Ca?sar,  in  consequence,  having  entered 
the  senate  house  with  tlie  rest,  on  a  certain  day  appointed  for 
a  meeting  of  the  senate,  was  stabbed  with  three  and  twenty 
wounds 


BOOK  VII. 


Wars  that  follov/cd  on  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar,  I— Antony  flees  to 

Lepi<iu8,  and  is  reconciled  to  Octavianus ;  their  triumvirate,  II. 

Proceedings  and  deaths  of  Brutus  and  Casaius ;  division  of  the 
empire  between  Antony  and'  Octavianus,  III.— War  with  Sextus 
Pompey,  IV. — Successes  of  Agrippa  in  Aquitania;  Ventidius 
Bassus  conquers  the  Parthians,  V.— Death  of  Sextus  Pompey; 
marriage  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra ;  unsuccessful  expedition  of 
Antony  into  Parthia,  VI.— War  between  Octavianus  and  Antony  ; 
deaths  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra  ;  Egjpt  added  to  the  Roman 
empire,  VII. — Octavianus  becomes  sole  rul^'r  under  the  name  of 
Augustus,  VIII.— His  wars  and  victories,  IX.  X.— Character  and 
acta  of  Tiberius,  XI.— Of  Caligula,  XIL— Of  Claudius,  who  sub- 
jugates Britain,  XIIL— Of  Kero,  under  whom  two  new  provinces 

are  made,  Pontus  Polemoniacus  and  Alpes  Cottirc,  XIV   XV Of 

Oalba,  XVI.-Of  Otho,  XVIL— Of  Vitellius,  XVlII.-Of  Ves- 
pasian, under  v.hom  Judrea  wis  added  to  the  Roman  dommioni, 
with  the  provinces  Achaia.  Lycia.  Rhodes,  Samos,  Thracia,  Cilicia! 
Comagena,  XIX.  XX.- Of  Titus,  XXL  XXIL— Of  Domitiaa. 
XXIIi. 

I. 'After  the  assassination  of  Csesar,  in  about  the  seven 
hundred  and  ninth  year  of  iha  city,  the  civil  wars  were  re- 
newed ;  for  the  senate  favoured  the  assassins  of  Casar  :  and 
Antony,  tlie  consul,  being  of  Caesars  party,  endeavoured  to 
crush  them  in  a  civil  war.  The  state  therefore  being  throv,n 
into  confusion.  Antony,  perpetrating  many  acts  of  violence, 
was  declared  an  enemy  by  the  senate.  Tlie  two  consuls, 
I'ansa  and  Hirtius.  were  sent  in  pursuit  of  him.  together  with 
Octarianus,  a  youth  of  eighteen  years  of  age,  the  nephevr  of 


urtjpg 


'  i  ^Ji'v^^f'^f^^*  l^f^^^^^^E*^  .' 


48 


ErTROPros. 


LB.VTL 


C»sar  *  whom  by  his  will  he  had  appointed  his  iieir,  airecnng 
him  to  bear  his'  name  ;  this  is  the  same  who  was  afterwards 
called  Augustus,  and  obtained  the  imperial  dignity.  These 
three  generuls  therefore  marching  against  Antony,  defeated  him. 
It  happened,  however,  that  the  two  victorious  consuls  lost 
their  lives  ;    and  the  three  armies  in  consequence  became 

subject  to  CfiBsar  only.  .       ,       t.* 

II.  Antony,  being  routed,  and  having  lost  his  army,  tied 
to  Lepidus,  who  had  been  master  of  the  horse  to  Csesal-,  and 
was  at  that  time  in  possession  of  astrong  body  of  forces,  by  whom 
he  was  well  received.  By  the  mediation  of  Lepidus,  Ca?8ar 
shortly  after  made  peace  with  Antony,  and,  as  if  with  intent 
to  avenge  the  death  of  his  father,  by  whom  he  had  been  adopted 
in  his  will,  marched  to  Rome  at  the  head  of  an  army,  and 
forcibly  procured  his  appointment  to  the  consulship  in  his 
twentieth  year.  In  conjunction  with  Antony  and  Lepidus  he 
proscribed  the  senate,  and  proceeded  to  make  himself  master 
of  the  state  by  arm^.  By  their  acts,  Cicero  Uio  orator,  and 
many  others  of  the  nobility,  were  put  to  death. 

III.  In  the  meantime  Brutus  and  Cassius,  the  assassins 
of  Cffisar,  raised  a  great  war ;  for  there  were  several  armies 
in  Macedonia  and  the  East,  of  ^hich  they  took  the  command. 
Ccesar  Octavianus  Augustus,  therefore,  and  Mark  Antony, 
proceeding  against  them  (for  Lepidus  remained  for  the 
defence  of  Italy),  came  to  an  engagement  at  Philippi,  a  city 

•of  Macedonia.  In  the  first  battle  Antony  and  Caesar  were 
defeated,  but  Cassius,  the  leader  of  the  nobility,  fell ;  in  the 
second  they*  defeated  and  killed  Brutus,  and  very  many  of  the 
nobility  who  had  joined  them  in  the  war ;  and  the  republic 
was  divided  among  the  conquerors,  so  that-  Augustus  had 
Spain,  the  Gauls,  and  Italy  ;  Antony,  Asia,  Poutus.  and  the 
East.  But  the  consul  Lucius  Antonius,  the  brother  of  him  who 
had  fought  with  Caesar  against  Brutus  and  Cassius,  kindled 
a  civil  war  in  Italy ;  and  being  defeated  near  Perusia,  a  city 
of  Tuscany,  was  taken  prisoner,  but  not  put  to  death. 

IV.  In  the  meantime  a  war  of  a  serious  nature  was  excited  in 
Sicily  by  Sextus  Pompey.  the  son  of  Cnaus  Pompey  the  Great, 
those  that  survived  of  the  party  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  flocking 

•  C(r4ari*  n^os.]  Grand  nephew.  Attia,  the  mother  of  OctavianuR, 
was  the  daughter  of  Julia,  Julius  Caesara  sister.  Thus  Juliua  Cr»ar 
was  gT««t  uncU  to  OctavianuB.— Ciiarcanit*. 


C.VIII]  ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN  HISTORY.  49 

to  join  him  from  all  parts.  The  war  against  Sextus  Poranov 
was  caiTied  on  by  Caesar  Augustus  Octavianus  and  Mark  Antouv 
A  peace  was  at  length  concluded. 

V.  About  that  time  Marcus  Agrippa  met  with  great  success 
in  Aquitania ;  also  Lucius  Vr^ntidius  Bassus  defeated  the 
Persians,  who  were  making  incursions  into  Syria,  in  three 
engagements.  He  killed  Pacorus,  the  son  of  king  Orodes  on 
that  veiy  day  on  which  Orodes,  the  king  of  the  Persians,  had 
before  put  Crassus  to  death  by  the  hands  of  his  general 
burena  He  was  the  first  who  celebrated  a  most  legitimate 
tnumpli  at  Kome  over  the  Parthians. 

yi  In  the  meantime  Sextus  Pompey  violated  the  peace, 
and.  being  defeated  in  a  sea-fight,  fled  to  Asia,  and  was  there 
put  to  death. 

Antony,  who  was  master  of  Asia  and  the  East,' having  di- 
vorced the  sister  of  Ciesar  Augustus  Octavianus,  married 
Cleopatra,  queen  of  Egjpt.  He  also  fought  in  person  against 
the  Persians,  and  defeated  them  in  the  first  encounters  ;  but 
©n  his  return  suflfered  greatly  from  famine  and  pestilence  • 
and  as  the  Parthians  pressed  on  him  in  his  retreat  he 
retired   from  before  them  just  as  if  he  had  been  defeated. 

VII  He  also  excited  a  great  civil  war,  at  the  instigation  of 
his  wife  Cleopatra,  the  queen  of  Egypt,  who  aspired  with  a 
wonmnish  ambition  to  reign  at  Rome.  •  He  was  defeated 
by  Augustus  in  the  remarkable  and  celebrated  sea-fight  at 
Actium,  a  place  in  Epirus ;  whence  he  fled  into  Egypt,  and 
there,  as  his  circumstances  grew  desperate,  since  all  went  over 
to  Augustus,  committed  suicide.  Cleopatra  appHed  to  her- 
self  an  asp,  and  perished  by  its  venom.  Egypt  was  added  to 
the  Roman  empire  by  Octavianus  Augustus,  and  Cneeus 
Comehus  Gailus  appointed  governor  of  it ;  he  was  the  first 
Roman  judge  that  Egypt  had. 

VIII.  Having  thus  brought  wars  to  an'end  throughout  the 
world,  OcTA VIANDS  Augustus  returned  to  Ftome  in  the  twelfth 
year  after  he  had  been  elected  consul.  ^  From  that  period  he 
held  the  government  as  sole  ruler  for  forty-four  years,  for  dur- 
ing the  twelve  previous  years  he  had  held  it  in  conjunction  with 
Antony  and  Lepidus.  Thus  from  the  beginning  of  his  reign 
to  the  end  were  fifty-six  years.  He  died  a  natural  death  in 
his  eighty-si.xth  year,  at  the  town  of  Atella  in  Campania. 
fciid  his-  remains  are  interred  at  Rome  in  the  Campus  Martius  ; 

K  K    2 


':00$im^ifi'ii^:ts^^^ 


i^ilHiliii 


s^r^7^.:-rr^.. 


50 


ECTROPIUS. 


IB.VII 


He  was  a  man  who  was  considered  in  most  respects,  and  not 
without  reason,  to  resemble  a  divinity,  for  scarcely  ever  was 
there  any  one  more  successful  than  he  in  war,  or  more 
prudent  in  peace.  Duiing  the  forty-four  years  that  he 
held  the  government  alone,  he  conducted  himself  with  the 
greatest  courtesy,  being  most  liberal  to  all,  and  most  faithful 
to  his  friends,  whom  he  raised  to  such  honours,  that  he  placed 
them  almost  on  a  level  with  his  own  dignity. 

IX.  At  no  period  was  the  Roman  state  more  flourishing  ; 
for,  to  say  nothing  of  the  civil  wars,  in  which  he  was  uncon- 
quered,  he  added  to  the  Roman  empire  Eg3'pt,  Cant^ibria, 
Dalraatia,  often  before  conquered  but  only  then  entirely  sub- 
dued, Pannonia,  Aquitania,  lUyricum,  Rhaetia,  the  Viudelici 
and  Salassi  on  the  Alps,  and  all  the  maritime  cities  of  Pontus, 
among  which  the  two  most  noble  were  Bosporus  and  Pantica- 
poeon.  He  also  conquered  the  Dacians  in  battle ;  put  to  the 
sword  numerous  forces  of  the  Germans  ;  and  drove  them 
beyond  the  river  Elbe,  which  is  in  the  country  of  the 
barbarians  far  beyond  the  Rhine.  This  war  however  he 
carried  on  by  the  agency  of  his  step-son  Drusus,  as  he  had 
conducted  the  Pannonian  war  by  that  of  his  other  step-son 
Tiberius,  in  which  he  transplanted  forty  thousand  prisoners 
from  Germany,  and  settled  them  in  Gaul  on  the  bank  of  the 
Rhine.  He  recovered  Armenia  from  the  Parthians;  the 
Persians  gave  him  hostages,  which  they  had  given  to  no  one 
before  ;  and  also  restored  the  Roman  standards,  which  the) 
had  taken  from  Crassus  when  he  was  defeated. 

X.  The  Scythians  and  Indians,  to  whom  the  Roman  name 
was  before  unknown,  sent  him  presents  and  ambassadors. 
Galatia  also  was  made  a  province  under  his  reign,  having 
before  been  an  independent  kingdom,  and  Marcos  Lollius  was 
the  first  that  governed  it,  m  quality  of  pniitor.  So  much 
was  he  beloved  even  by  the  barbarians,  that  kings,  allies  of 
the  Roman  people,  founded  cities  in  his  honour,  to  which  they 
gave  the  name  of  Csesarea,  as  one  in  Mauritania,  built  by 
King  Juba,  and  another  in  Palestine,  which  is  now  a  very 
celebrated  city.  Many  kings,  moreover,  left  their  own  domi- 
nions, and,  assuming  the  Roman  dress,  that  is,  the  toga,  ran 
by  the  side  of  his  carriage  or  his  horse.  At  his  death  he  was 
styled  a  divinity.  He  left  the  state  in  a  most  prosperous 
condition  to  his  successor  Tiberius,  who  had  been  his  step-son, 
afterwards  his  eon-in-law,  and  lastly  his  son  byadoptioi^ 


^^^'W^^f^^^^^^ 


C.  XIIl.*}  ABRIDGilENT   OF  ROMAN   HISTORY. 


sr 


XI.  Tiberius  distinguished  his  reign  by  great  indolence, 
excessive  cruelty,  unprincipled  avarice,  and  abandoned  licen- 
tiousness. He  fought  on  no  occasion  in  person ;  the  wars  were 
carried  on  by  his  generals.  Some  kings,  whom  he  induced  to 
visit  him  by  seducing  allurements,  he  never  sent  back ;  amon" 
them  was  Archelaus  of  Cappadocia,  whose  kingdom  also  he 
reduced  to  the  form  of  a  province,  and  directed  that  its  princi- 
pal  city  should  be  called  after  his  own  name ;  and,  having  been 
before  called  Mazaca,  it  is  now  termed  Caesarea.  He  died  in 
Campania,  in  the  three  and  twentieth  year  of  his  reign,  and 
the  eighty-third  of  his  age,  to  the  great  joy  of  all  men. 

XII.  To  him  succeeded  Cai us  Caesar,  sumamed  Caligul.\, 
the  grandson  of  Drusus,  the  step-son  of  Augustus,  and  grand- 
nephew  ♦  of  Tiberius  himself,  a  most  wicked  and  cruel  prince, 
who  effaced  even  tlie  memory  of  Tiberius's  enormities.  He 
undertook  a  war  against  the  Gennans;  but,  after  entering 
Suevia,  made  no  effort  to  do  anything.  He  committed  incest 
with  his  sisters,  and  acknowledged  a  daughter  that  he  had  by 
one  of  them.  While  tyrannizing  over  all  with  the  utmost 
avarice,  licentiousness,  and  cruelty,  he  was  assassinated  in  the 
palace,  m  the  twenty-ninth  year  of  his  age,  in  the  thiid  year, 
tenth  month,  and  eighth  day  of  his  reign. 

XIII.  After  him  reigned  Claudius,  the  uncle  of  Caligula,' 
and  son  of  that  Drusus  who  has  a  monument  at  Moguntiacum, 
whose  grandson  Caligula  also  was.  His  reign  was  of  no 
striking  character ;  he  acted,  in  msjiy  respects,  with  gentleness 
and  moderation,  in  some  with  cruelty  and  folly.  He  made 
war  upon  Britain,  which  no  Roman  since  Julius  Caesar  had 
visited  ;  and,  having  reduced  it  through  the  agency  of  Cnaeus 
Sentius  and  Aulus  Plautius,  illustrious  and  noble  men,  he 
celebrated  a  magnificent  ti'iumph.  Certain  islands  also,  called 
the  Orcades,  situated  in  the  ocean,  beyond  Britain,  he  added 
to  iJi'S  Roman  empire,  and  gave  his  sou  the  name  of  Britan- 
nicus.  So  condescending,  too,  was  he  towards  some  of  his 
friends,  that  he  even  attended  Plautius,  a  man  of  noble  birth, 
who  had  obtained  many  signal  successes  iu  the  expedition 
to  Britain,  in  his  triumph,  and  walked  at  his  left  hand  when 

•  Ur'jui  privigni  Augusti,  et  ipsiiu  Tiherii  nepos.'l  Either  something 
b  wantiag  in  the  text,  as  Madame  Dacier  observes,  or  nepos  is  used  in 
ft  doiiMe  sense,  for  a  grandson  and  graod-nephew ;  for  Drusus,  the 
graudu.ther  of  Caligula,  was  the  brother  of  Tiberius.  I  have  translated 
mcpo9  in  thiB  double  seasft 


:■*.;  r'***:*  •  f-iys^-i^  -"^^ 


53 


EUTR0PIU8. 


[B.VIt 


ti- 


C.XVIl] 


ABRIDGMENT   OF  ROMAN   HISTORV. 


53 


he  went  up  lo'the  Capitol.  He  lived  to  the  age  of  sixty-iour, 
and  reigned  fourteen  years ;  and  after  his  death  was  conse- 
crated* and  deified. 

'  To  him  succeeded  Nf.ro,  who  greaily  xesemhled  his  undo 
Caligula,  and  both  disgraced  and  weakened  the  Roman  empire; 
he  indulged  in  such  extraordinary  luxury  and  extravagance, 
that,  after  the  example  of  Caius  Caligula,  he  even  bathed  in  hot 
and  cold  peilumes.  and  fished  with  golden  nets,  which  he  drew 
up  with  cords  of  purple  silk.  He  put  to  death  a  very  great 
number  of  the  senate.  To  all  good  men  he  was  an  enemy. 
At  last  he  exposed  himself  in  so  disgi*acc'ful  a  manner,  that  he 
danced  and  sung  upon  the  stage  in  the  dress  of  a  harp-player 
end  tragedian.  He  was  guilty  of  many  murders,  his  brother, 
wife,  and  mother,  being  put  to  death  by  him.  He  set  on  fire 
the  city  of  Rome,  that  he  might  enjoy  the  sight  of  a  spectacle 
such  as  Troy  formerly  presented  when  taken  and  burned. 

In  military  affairs  he  attempted  nothing.  Britain  he 
almost  lost ;  for  two  of  its  most  noble  towns f  were  taken  and 
levelled  to  the  ground  under  his  reign.  The  Parthiaus  took 
from  hira  Armenia,  and  compelled  the  Roman  legions  to  pass 
under  the  yoke.  Two  provinces  however  were  fonned  under 
him ;  Pontus  Polemoniacus,  by  the  concession  of  King  Pole- 
mon  :  and  the  Cottian  Alps,  on  the  death  of  King  Cottius. 

XV.  When,  having  become  detestable  by  such  conduct  to 
the  city  of  Rome,  and  being  deserted  at  the  same  time  by 
every  one,  and  declared  an  enemy  by  the  senate,  he  was 
sought  for  to  be  led  to  punishment  (the  punishment  being, 
that  he  should  be  dragged  naked  through  the  streets,  with  a 
fork  placed  under  his  head, J  be  beaten  to  death  with  rods,  and 

•  Consecratus  est]  This  word  eeema  properly  to  signify  "  waa  mad«) 
An  object  of  worship." 

f  Jbuo  nohUmima  oppida.]  Three  are  named,  aa  Orunerus  observer, 
by  Tacitua,  Annal.  XIV.  Camelodunum,  c.  31,  and  Londi.iium  and  I'n'u- 
lamiumy  c  33.  Suetonius,  however,  Nero,  c.  'i'J,  and  OroniuH,  vii.  7,  say 
two.  Camelodunum  ia  said  by  Camden  to  be  Maiden  in  Eaaox  ;  Veru- 
l&mium  waa  near  St.  Alban'a. 

Z  Furcd  eapiti  ejus  inscrtd.]  Thus  these  won'*  "-"  uniformly  written 
in  all  the  manuscripts  and  editions  that  I  havi  But  wUui  fit  ream 

fapiti  iiiserere  meana,  I  confes!<  that  I  do  not  u-  nd,  unle!*A  that  it 

be  pofwible  to  explain  it  by  hiipaf/nf/e.  Barthm.'i  ml  Briton.  (Philipp. 
6,  572)  p.  4'»8,  judiciously  i<ro|»o^es  to  read  fuirtc  capile  intfrto,  a 
correction  also  made  by  OuHt;iidoii»iu8  in  the  niarjin  of  his  copy. 
Suetonius,  Nei*o,  c,  4&,  has  caticaa  i»4a'i/urca.—  fciAeyi*.     Tisschucke 


then  hurled  from  the  Tarpeian  rock),  he  fled  from  the  palace, 
and  killed  himself  in  a  suburban  villa  of  one  of  his  freed-men, 
between  the  Salarian  and  Nomentane  roads,  at  the  fourth  mile- 
stone from  the  city.  Ho  built  those  hot  baths  at  Rome,  which 
were  formerly  called  the  Neronian,  but  now  the  Alexandrian. 
He  died  in  the  thirty-second  year  of  his  age,  and  the  fourteenth 
year  of  his  reign ;  and  in  him  all  the  family  of  Augustus 
became  extinct. 

XVI.  To  Nero  succeeded  Servius  Galba,  a  senator  of  a  very 
ancient  and  noble  family,  elected  emperor  when  in  his  seventy- 
third  year  by  the  Spaniards  and  Gauls,  and  soon  after  readily 
acknowledged  by  the  whole  army  ;  for  his  life,  though  but  that 
of  a  private  person,*  had  been  distinguished  by  many  military 
and  civil  exploits,  having  been  often  consul,  often  proconsul, 
and  frequently  general  in  most  important  wars.  His  reign  was 
short,  but  had  a  promising  commencement,  except  that  he 
seemed  to  incline  too  much  to  severity.  He  was  killed  how 
ever  by  the  treachery  of  Otho,  in  the  seventli  month  of  his 
reign,  in  the  forum  at  Rome,  and  buried  in  his  gardens,,  which 
are  situated  in  the  Aurelian  way,  not  far  from  the  city. 

XVII.  Ohio,  after  Galba  was  killed,  took  possession  of  the 
government,  a  man  of  a  nobler  descent  on  the  mother's  than  the 
father's  side,  but  obscure  on  neither.  In  private  life  he  was 
effeminate,  and  an  intimate  of  Nero ;  in  his  government  he 
could. give  no  evidence  of  his  disposition  :  for  Vitellius,  about 
the  same  time  that  Otho  had  slain  Galba,  having  been  also 
chosen  emperor  by  the  Geiman  armies,  Otho,  having 
commenced  a  war  against  him,  and  having  sustained  a  defeat 
in  a  slight  skirmish  near  Bebriacum  in  Italy,  voluntarily, 
though  he  had  still  powerful  forces  remaining,  put  an  end  to  his 
life,  in  spite  of  the  entreaties  of  his  soldiers  that  he  would  not 
80  soon  despair  of  the  issue  of  the  war ;  saying,  **  that  he  was 
not  of  sufficient  importance  that  a  civil  war  should  be  raised  on 

fancies  that  it  may  be  ex])lained  by  hypallage,  for  capite  furca;  inserto, 
and  therefore  makes  no  alteration-  I  have  given  what  is  evidently  the 
•eufec. 

♦  Privata  ejus  vita.]  Privata  t'ita  is  opposed  to  imperium,  as  in  c,  19; 
for  under  the  emperors,  even  from  the  time  of  Augustus,  it  ha^l 
become  customary  to  call  all  privati  except  the  emperor  himself,  even 
such  as  h^ld  the  highest  offices  of  state.  See  Jani  ad  Hor.  Od.  iii.  3, 
26.    So  i^wrijc  is  opposed  to  fiaaiXivs  in  Zosimua,  iL  7. — Tstchucke. 


SI 


"--Vr, 


P^ 


54 


EUTROPTUS. 


[B.VIL 


his  account."    He   perishofl  thus  voluntarily  in  the   thirty- 
eighth  year  of  his  age,  and  on  the  ninety-fifth  day  of  his  reign. 

XVIII.  ViTELLius  next  obtained  the  imperial  dignity,  of  a 
family  rather  honourable  than  noble,  for  his  father  was  not  of 
very  high  birth,  though  he  had  filled  three  regular  consulships. 
He  reigned  most  disgracefully,  being  distinguished  by  the 
greatest  cruelty,  but  especially  by  gluttony  and  voraciousness, 
since  he  is  reported  to  have  often  feasted  four  or  five  times  a 
day.  A  most  remarkable  supper  at  least  has  been  recorded, 
which  his  brother  Vitellius  set  before  him,  and  in  which, 
besides  other  expensive  dainties,  two  thousand  fishes  and  seven 
thousand  birds  are  said  to  have  been  placed  on  the  table. 

Being  anxious  to  resemble  Nero,  and  aiming  so  openly  at 
this  that  he  even  paid  respect  to  his  remains,  which  had  been 
meanly  buried,  he  was  slain  by  the  generals  of  the  emperor 
Vespasian,  Vitellius  having  previously  put  to  death  Sabinus, 
Vespasian's  brother,  and  burned  his  corpse  at  the  same  time 
with  the  Capitol.  When  killed,  he  was  dragged  naked,  with 
great  ignominy,  through  the  public  streets  of  the  city,  with  his 
hair  erect,  and  .lis  head  raised  by  means  of  a  sword  placed 
under  his  chin,  and  pelted  with  dung  on  the  face  and  breast  by 
all  that  came  in  the  way ;  at  last  his  throat  was  cut,  and  he 
was  thrown  into  the  Tiber,  and  had  not  even  the  common 
rites  of  burial.  He  perished  in  the  fifty-seventh  year  of  his 
age,  in  the  eighth  month  and  first  day  of  his  reign. 

XIX.  To  him  succeeded  Vespasian,  who  had  been  chosen 
emperor  in  Palestine,  a  prince  indeed  of  obscure  birth,  but 
worthy  to  be  compared  with  the  best  emperors,  and  in  private 
life*  greatly  distinguished,  as  he  had  been  sent  by  Claudius 
into  Germany,  and  afterwards  into  Britain,  and  hrd  contended 
two  and  thirty  times  with  the  enemy ;  he  had  also  added  to 
the  Roman  empire  two  very  powerful  nations. f  twenty  towns, 
and  the  Isle  of  Wight  on  the  coast  of  Britain.  At  liome  he 
acted  with  the  greatest  forbearance  during  his  government; 
though  he  was  rp.ther  too  eager  after  money  ;  not  however  that 
he  deprived  any  one  of  it  i^MJustly,  and  even  when  he  had 

•  Privala  vita.]  See  note  on  c.  16. 

+  Du,as  valtdimmas  gentcs]  The  Greek  translator  thinks  that  the 
Britains  and  Germans  are  meant  Vespasian  is  .said  to  have  recovered 
Britain,  by  Tacitus,  Agric.  c  17.  Wlia*.  other  aatioQ  ia  intsuded  ia  not 
eitw. 


CXX]  ABRlDGIdENT  OF  ROMAN   BISTORT.  55 

collected  it  with  the  greatest  diligence  and  anxiety,  he  was  in 
the  habit  of  distributing  it  most  readily,  especially  to  the 
indicrent ;  nor  was  the  UberaUty  of  any  prince  before  him 
greater  or  more  judicious:  he  was  also  of  a  most  mild  and 
amiable  disposition,  insomuch  that  he  never  willingly  inflicted 
a  severer  penalty  than  banishment,  even  on  persons  connoted 
of  treason  against  himself. 

Under  this  prince  Judaea  was  added  to  the  Roman  empire, 
and  Jerusalem,  the  most  celebrated  city  of  Palestine.  He  also 
reduced  to  the  form  of  provinces  Achaia,  Lycia,  Khodes, 
Byzantium,  Samos,  which  had  been  free  till  this  penod ; 
together  with  Thrace,  Cilicia,  and  Comagena,  which  had  been 
governed    by   their  resoective    kings  m   alliance   with    the 

Romans.  .  .      ,  i  •  j . 

XX.  Offences  and  animosities  he  never  tK)re  m  mind, 
reproaches  uttered  against  himself  by  lawyers  and  philosophers 
he  bore  witli  indulgence,  but  was  a  strenuous  enforcer  of 
military  discipline.  He  triumphed,  together  with  his  son 
Titus,  on  account  of  the  ukiog  of  Jerusalem. 

After  having  thus  become  an  object  of  love  and  favour  with 
the  senate  and  the  people,  and  indeed  with  all  men.  he  died  of 
ji  diarrhoea,  in  his  own  villa  in  the  Sabine  country,  in  the  sixty- 
ninth  year  of  his  age.  the  ninth  year  and  seventh  day  of  his 
reign ;  and  was  enrolled  among  the  gods.  ,  „  j 

To  him  succeeded  his  son  Titus,  who  was  also  called 
Vespasian,  a  man  remarkable  for  evei7  species  of  virtue,  so 
that  he  was  stvled  the  favomite  and  delight  of  mankind  He 
was  extremely  eloquent,  warlike,  and  temperate ;  he  pleaded 
causes  in  Latin,  and  composed  poems  and  tragedies  in  Greek. 
At  the  siege  of  Jerusalem,  while  serviug  under  his  father,  he 
killed  twelve  of  the  besieged  with  wounds  from  as  many 
arrows.  During  his  government  at  Rx)me.  such  was  his  lemty 
towards  the  citizens,  that  he  did  not  punish  a  single  person  ; 
and  even  some  that  were  convicted  of  a  conspiracy  against 
himself  he  released,  and  treated  them  on  the  same  terms  of 
mtimacv  as  before.  Such  was  his  good-nature  and  generosity 
that  he'never  refused  any  thing  to  any  one,  and  being  blamed 
by  his  friends  on  this  account,  replied,  that  no  one  ought  to 
leave  an  emperor  in  discontent.  Hence  havmg  recollected 
once  at  supper,  that  he  had  conferred  no  obligation  on  any  one 
Sday.heexckimed:  ••  O,  my  friends !  I  have  lost  this  day  1 


i'm 


56 


EUTROPIUS. 


[ayn.   * 


He   built  an   amphitbeatre  at   Rome,  and   slaughtered  five 
thousand  ^ild  beasts  at  the  dedicalion  of  it, 

XXII.  While  beloved  for  eucb  conduct,  with  extraordinai-jr 
affection,  be  fell  ill  and  died  in  the  same  villa  as  his  father,  tv:o 
jears,  eight  months,  and  twcntj  days  after  he  became  emperor, 
and  in  the  forty-socoud  year  of  his  age.  So  great  was  the 
public  lamentation  on  his  death,  that  all  mourned  as  for  a  loss 
in  their  own  families.  The  senate,  having  received  intelligence 
of  his  death  about  the  evening,  hurried  into  the  senate-house  in 
the  night,  and  heaped  upon  him  after  his  death  even  more 
expressions  of  good  will  and  commendation,  than  they  bad 
uttered  when  he  was  alive  and  present  among  them.  He  was  . 
enrolled  among  the  gods. 

XX III.  DoMiTiAN  next  received  the  imperial  dignity,  the 
younger  brother  of  Titus,  but  more  like  Nero,  or  CaliguU.  or 
Tiberius,  than  his  father  or  brother.  In  the  commenceraeut 
however  of  his  reign  he  used  his  power  with  moderation  ;  but, 
soon  proceeding  to  the  greatest  excesses  of  licentiousness,  rage, 
cruelty,  and  avarice,  he  provoked  such  universal  detestation, 
that  he  effaced  tlie  remembrance  of  hiS/  father  s  and  his 
brother's  merits.  He  put  to  death  the  most  distinguished  of 
the  senate.*  He  was  tlie  first  that  required  to  be  addressed  as  ' 
Lord  and  God ;  and  he  suflered  no  statue  to  be  erected  to  him 
in  the  Capitol  except  of  gold  or  silver.  He  put  his  own 
cousins  to  death.     His  pride  also  was  execrable. 

He  made  four  expeditions,  one  against  the  Sarmatiand, 
another  against  the  Catti,  and  two  against  the  Dacians. 
-On  account  of '  tlie  Dacians  and  the  Catti  he  celebrated  a 
double  triumph ;  for  tlie  Sannatians.  he  assumed  only  the 
laurel.  He  suffered  many  disasters  however  in  tliese  wars,  for 
in  Sarmatia  one  of  his  legions  was  cut  off  together  with  its 
captain,  and  by  the  Dacians  Oppius  Sabinus,  a  person  of 
consular  dignity,  and  Cornelius  Fuscus,  the  prefect  of  the 
preetorian  cohort,  were  slain,  with  numerous  armies.  At  Rome 
he  also  erected  several  public  buildings,  among  which  were  the 
Capitol,  the  Forum  Transitorium,  the  Odeum,  the  Porticus 
Divorum,  the  temples  of  Isis  and  Serapis,  and  the  Stadium. 

But,  becoming  universally  odious  on  account  of  his  crimes, 
he  was  put  to  death  by  a  conspiracy  of  his  own  servants  witliia 
the  palace,  in  the  forty-fifth  year  of  his  age,  and  the  fifteenth  of 
his  reign.     His  corpse  was  carried  out  with  extreme  insult  hj- 
common  bearers,  and  buried  igaominiously. 


67 


-  BOOK   VIII. 

Justice  and  mUdneaa  of  Nerv*,  L— Merita  of  Trmjan  ;  he  extenda  the 
limite  of  the  RomAU  empire,  IL-V.— Adnan,  envying  the  glory  of 
Trajan  oonlnicU  the  bounds  of  the  empire,  and  promotes  the  aria 
and  oecupaUona  of  peace,  VL  VII.— Virtues  of  Antoninus  Pius, 

yUL After  bia  reign  the  commonwealth  had  two  emperors  with 

equal  power,  Marcus  and  Lucius  Antoninus  Verus ;  the  studies 
>  and  characUr  of  Marcus ;  his  ware  in  Parthia,  Germnny,  and  with 
tha  Marcomanni.  which  he  conducted  alone  or  in  coujuuction  with 
Luotua,  IX.- XIV.— Antoninus  Commodus,  who  resemblee  his 
father  only  in  fighting  successfully  against  the  Germans,  IV.— Hrf- 
riiia  Pcrtinax,  XVI.- Salvius  Julian  us,  XVII  — Septiniius  Sevenu^ 
an  African,  overthrows  his  rivals  for  the  throne,  and  conquers  the 
Parthians,  Arabiana,  and  Adiabeni,  XVIIL— His  learning ;  his 
war  and  death  in  Britain,  X1X-— Antoninus  Caracalla,  XX.— 
OpiliuB  Macrinus  and  Diadumenus,  XXI— Heliugabalus,  XXII.— 
Alexander  Severus;  his  victory  over  the  Persians;  his  enforce- 
maat  of  mihtary  diaciplme ;  m  hia  reign  lived  Ulpian,  XXIIL 

«  *  • 

I.  In  the  eight  hundred  and  fiftieth  year  from  the  foundation 
of  the  city,  in  the  consulship  of  Vetus  and  Valens,  the  empire 
was  restored  to  a  most  prosperous  condition,  being  committed,        # 
with  great  good  fortune,  to  the  rule  of  meritorious   princes. 
To  Domitian,  a  most  murderous  tyrant,  succeeded  Nerva,  a 
man  of  moderation  and  activity  in  private  life,  and  of  noble 
descent,  though  not  of  the  very  highest  rank.     He  was  made 
emperor  at  an  advanced  age,  Petronius  Secundus.  the  prefect 
of  the  pra5torian  guards,  and  Partlienius.  one  of  the  assassms  of         ^ 
Doroitiaa.    giving  him    their  support,  and  conducted  himself     / 
■  -with  great  justice  and  public  epiriu^     He  provided  for  the    / 
ffood  of  tiie  state  by  a  divine  foresight,  in  liis  adoption  of  / 
Trajan      He  died  at  Rome,  after  a  reign  of  one  year,  four 
months,  and  eight  days,  in  the  seventy-second  year  of  hia  s^ii. 
and  was  enrolled  among  the  gods.  „,  ,  ^ 

II,  To  him  succeeded  U1.PID8  Crinitds  Tbajanus,  born  at 
« 
•  •  Se  civautimum  prahuit.)  Civilu,  applied  to  a  person,  pror-eriysig. 
niflea  that  he  "  behavea  as  a  citizen  ought  to  behave  towards  Lis  fellow 
SSrcnV^  and  may  often  be  rendered  "pohte.  affable,  .courteous. 
Sitoi  has  two  senses  ;  one  derived  from  tbis  sense  of  c..tZ«.  and  the 
other  "the  art  of  governing,  or  directing  aflairs  in  a  .^lUas,  vr  frea 
aUte."  Both  these  words  occur  frequently  in  Eutropius;  1  have 
endeavoured  always  to  give  them  that  aeose  whi^h  the  passages 
where  they  are  found  seemed  to  require.  ,.  '^  , 


/ 


i> 


58 


EDTEOPIUS. 


[B.VUI. 


Italica  •  in  Spain,  of  a  familj  rather  ancient  than  eminent ; 
for  his  father  was  the  first  consul  in  it.  He  was  chosen 
emperor  at  Agrippina,  a  city  of  Gaul,  lie  exercised  the  ^ 
government  in  such  a  manner,  that  he  is  deservedly  preferred 
to  all  the  other  emperors.  He  was  a  man  of  extraordinary 
ekill  in  managing  affairs  of  state,  and  of  remarkable 
courage.  The  limits  of  the  Roman  empire,  which,  since  the 
reign  of  Augustus,  had  been  rather  defended  than  honourably 
enlarged,  he  extended  far  and  wide.  He  rebuilt  some  cities 
in  Germany;  he  subdued  Dacia  by  the  overthrow  of  Decebalus, 
and  formed  a  province  beyond  tlio  Danube,  in  that  territory 
which  the  J'haiphali,  Victoali,  and  Theruingi  now  occup;^ 
This  province  was  a  thousand  miles  in  circumference.  \ 

III.  He  recovered  Armenia,  which  the  Parthians  had  seized, 
putting  to  death  Parthamasircs  who  held  the  government  of  it. 
He  gave  a  king  to  the  Albani.  He  received  into  alliance  the 
king  of  tho  Iberians,  Sarmatians,  Bosporani,  Arabians,  Os- 
droeni,  and  Colchians.  He  obtained  the  mastery  over  tlie 
Cordueni  and  Marcomedi,  as  well  as  over  Anthemusia,  an 
extensive  region  of  Persia,  He  conquered  and  kept  possession 
of  Seleucia,  Ctesiphon,  Babylon,  and  tlie  country  of  the  Mes- 
senii.  He  advanced  as  far  as  the  boundaries  of  India,  and 
the  Red  Sea,  where  he  formed  three  provinces,  Armenia, 
Assyria,  and  Mesopotamia,  including  the  tribes  which  border  on 
Madcna.f  He  afterwards,  too,  reduced  Arabia  into  the  form 
of  a  province.  He  also  fitted  out  a  fleet  for  the  Red  Sea,  that 
he  might  use  it  to  lay  waste  tho  coasts  of  India. 

IV.  Yet  h^  went  beyond  his  glory  in  war,  in  ability  and 
judgment  as  a  ruler,  conducting  himself  as  an  equal  towardi 
all,  going  often  to  his  friends  as  a  vi.silor,*  eillier  when  they  were 
i/J,  or  when  they  were  celebrating  feast  days,  and  entertaining 
them  in  his  turn  at  banquets  where  there  was  no  distinction  of 
rank,  and  sitting  frequently  with  them  in  tlieir  chariots ;  doing 
notliin^  unjust  towards  any  of  the  senators,  nor  being  guilty  of 

*  A  10.11  OD  the  BaDiis  or  Quad&lquivir,  uot  far  from  Seville.  W 
WM  also  thi-  birth-place  of  Hadrian. 

t  Bo  TascLucke  writes  the  word.  As  it  wan  a  later  name  of  Media, 
it  should  ratht^r,  it  would  appear,  be  writtec  Mtdcrux,  as  Cellarius  gives 
it  in  his  edition  of  Sextus  Kufue,  c.  1 6. 

X  Grfxxia  M^Mtovikl  "  For  the  sake  of  saluting  or  payuQg  his  rtspectJi 
to  them." 


CYI.]  ABRIDGMENT  OF  BOMAN  EISTOHT.  69 

any  dishonesty  to  fill  his  treasury ;.  .exercising  liberality  t/)  all. 
enriching  with  offices  of  trust,  publicly  and  privately,  every 
body  whom  he  had  known  even  with  tho  least  familiarity ; 
building  towns  throughout  the  worid,  granting  many  immu- 
nities to  states,  and  doing  every  thing  with  gentleness  and 
kindness ;  so  that  during  his  whole  reign,  there  was  but  one 
senator  condemned,  and  he  was  sentenced  by  the  senato 
without  Tiwans  knowledge.  Hence,  being  regarded  through- 
out  the  worid  as  next  to  a  god,  he  uieservedly  obtained  the 
highest  veneration  boUi  living  and  dead- 

V.  Among  other  sayings  of  his,  the  following  rcmarkahlo 
on-^  is  mentioned.     When  his  friends  found  fault  with  hjm. 
for  ocing  too  courteous  to  every  body,  he  replied,  that     he 
was' such  an  emperor  to  his  subjects,  as  he  had  wished,  when  a 
aubject,  that  ecperors  should  be  to  him."      ^  .    ,,     ^  ,,       , 
AfUr  having  gained  the  greatest  glory  both  in  the  field  and 
at  home,  he  was  cut  off,  as  he  was  retuniing  from  Persia, -by  a 
diarrhoea,  at  Seleucia  in  Isauria.     He  died  in  the  sixty-th.rd 
year,  ninth  month,  and  fourth  day  of  his  age.  and   in  the 
nineteenth    year,    sixth    month     and    fifteenth   <Jay   of   ^« 
reicn.     He  was  enrolled  among  the  gods,  and  was  the  only  one 
of  aUthe  emperors  that  was  buried  within  the  city.     His  bones 
contained  in  a  golden  urn.  lie  in  the  f^rum  which  he  him^^^^^^^ 
built,  under  a  pillar  whose  height  is  a  hundred  and  forty-four 
feet.     So  much  respect  has  been  paid  to  his  memory  that, 
even  to  our  own  times,  they  shout  in  acclamations  to  the  em-       . 
perors,  "  More  fortunate  than  Augustus,  better  than  Trt«an !   /- 
So  much  has  the  fame  of  his  goodness  prevailed,  that  it  ^ords 
ground  for  most  noble  illustration  in  the  hands  either  of  such 
as  flatter  or  of  such  as  praise  with  sincerity. 

VI    After   0.6   death   of    Trajan,   ^uus   Hadbun   wm 
made  emperor,  not  from  any  wish  to  that  effect  havmg  been 
"pressed  by  Tn««n  himself,  but  through  the  influence  of 
Pl^UnlTmU^ife;  for  Trajan  in  f  )ife-Ume  had  ref^e^ 
.    to  adopt  him,  though  he  was  the  son  of  hw  cousm.*     He  aUo 
was  ho™  at  Italica  in  Spain.     Envying  Trajan sglo^  he  im.     . 
mediately  gave  up  three  of  tl.e  prov.nces  v.h,ch  Trajan  h^ 
added  to\bo  empire,  withdrawing  the  '^'""f  f™"  ^^^ 
Mesopotamia,  and  Armenia,  and  decdmg  ^t  the  E"Ptra^ 
.hould  be  the  boundary  of  the  empire.     When  he  was  pro- 
•  Domiti*  FtuUiw.— <%>rMn-j<. . 


fef;*f- 


60 


EUTROPIUS. 


[&VIIL 


cecding  to  tct  similarlj  with  regard  to  Dacia,  hia  friends 
dissuaded  him,  lest  many  Ilomoii  citizeus  should  be  left  ia 
thb  hands  of  the  barbahans,  because  Trajan,  after  he  had  sub- 
dued Dacia,  had  transplanted  thither  an  infinite 'number  of 
men  from  the  whole  Roman  world,  to  people  the  country  and 
the  cities ;  as  the  land  had  been  exhausted  of  inhabitants  in 
the  long  war  maintained  by  Decebalus. 

VII.  He  enjoyed  peace,  however,  through  the  wl/)le  course 
of  his  reign;  the  only  war  that  ho  had,  he  committed  to  the 
conduct  of  a  governor  of  a  province.  He-went  about  through 
the  Roman  empire,  and  founded  n^ny  edifices.  He  spoke 
with  great  eloquence  in  the  Latin  language,  and  was  very 
learned  in  the  Greek.  Ho  had  no  groat  reputation  for  cle 
mency,  but  was  very  attentive  to  the  state  of  the  treasury  and 
the  discipline  of  the  soldiers.  He  died  in  Compauia,  more 
than  sixty  years  old,  in  tlie  twenty-first  year,  t^^nth  month, 
and  twenty-ninth  day  of  liis  reign.  The  senate  was  unwilling 
to  allow  him  divine  honours ;'  but  his  successor  Titus  Aurclius 
Fulvius  Antonius.  earl^estly  insisting  on  it,  carried  his  point, 
though  ull  the  senators  were  openly  opposed  to  him. 

VIII.  To  Hadrian,  then,  succeeded  Titus  Antonimus  Ful- 
vius BoioNius,*  who  was  also  named  Pius,  sprung  from  an 
eminent,  though  not  very  ancient,  family ;  a  man  of  high  cha- 
racter, who  may  justly  be  compared  to  Knma  Pompilius,  as 
Trajan  may  be  paralleled  with  Romulus.  He  lived,  before  he 
came  to  the  throne,  in  great  honour,  but  in  greater  still 
during  his  reign.  He  was  cruel  to  none,  but  indulgent  to  all. 
His  reputation  in  military  afTairs  was  but  moderate ;  he 
studied  rather  to  defend  the  provinces  than  to  enlarge  them. 
He  sought  out  tl)e  most  just  men  to  fill  political  ofllces.  He 
paid  respect  to  the  good;  for  the  bad  he  showed  dishke, 
without  treating  them  with  harshness.  By  kings  in  alliance 
with  Rome  he  was  not  less  venerated  than  feared,  so  that 
many  nations  among  the  barbarians,  laying  aside  their  arms, 
referred  their  controversies  and  disputes  to  him.  and  sub- 
mitted to  his  decision  He  was  very  rich  before  he  began  to 
reign,  but  diminished  his  wealth  bj  pay  to  the  soldiers  and 

•  Boioniui.]  ThU  name  is  suppoeed  by  Caaaubon  ad  Capitolln.  Vit 
T.  Auion.  c.  1,  and  by  Mad.  Dacier  ad  Aurel.  Vict  de  Cks.  c.  16,  to  b« 
derired  from  Boionia  Pro  ilia,  Titvu  Aatooiaua'a  graoduotber,  who 
Lad  made  him  her  heir. 


I. 


'  I 

I 


ex.] 


AERIDCUENT  OP  ROMAN   HISTORY. 


61 


bounties  to  his  friends ;  he  left  the  treasury,  however,  well 
stored.  It  was  for  his  clemency  that  he  was  eurnamed  P\us. 
He  died  at  his  country  seat  called  Lorium,  tweWe  miles  from 
the  city,  in  the  seventy-third  year  of  his  age,  and  the  twenty- 
third  of  his  reign.  He  was  enrolled  among  the  guUs,  and 
was  deservedly  an  object  of  veneration.* 

IX.  After  him  reigned  Marcus  Aktonikus  Verus,  a  man 
indisputably  of  noble  birth ;  for  his  descent,  on  the  father's 
side,  was  from  Numa  Pompilius,  and  on  the  mother's  from  a 
king  of  the  Sallentines.f  and  jointly  with  him  reigned  Luoius 
Antoninus  Verus.  Then  it  was  that  the  commonwealth  of 
Rome  was  first  subject  to  two  sovereigns,  ruling  vrith  equal 
power,  when,  till  their  days,  it  had  always  hiad  but  jone 
emperor  at  a  time. 

X.  These  two  were  connected  both  by  relationship  J  and 
aCRnity ;  for  Verus  Antoninus  had  married  the  daughter  of 
Marcus  Antoninus ;  and  MaJrcus  Antoninus  was  the  son-in- 
law  of  Antoninus  Pius,  having  married  Galeria  Faustina  the 
younger,  his  own  cousin.  They  carried  on  a  war  against  the 
Parthians,  who  then  rebelled  for  the  first  time  since  their  sub- 
jugation by  Tn^an.  Verus  Antoninus  went  out  to  conduct 
that  war,  and,  remaining  at  Antioch  and  about  Armenia, 
effected  many  important  achievements  by  the  agency  of  his 
generals :  he  took  Seleucia,  the  most  eminent  city  of  Assyria, 
with  forty  thousand  prisoners  ;  he  brought  off  materials  for  a 
triumph  over  the  Parthians,  and  celebrated  it  in  conjunction 
with  his  brother,  who  was  also  his  father-in-law.  He  died  in 
Venetia,§  as  he  was  going  from  the  city  of  Concordia  to  Alti- 
num.  While  he  was  sitting  in  his  chariot  with  his  brother, 
he  was  suddenly  struck  with  a  rush  of  blood,  a  disease ||  which 

• 

•  CofUfcro/w]  See  note  on  viL  13. 

t  The  Sallentinca  were  a  people  of  Calabria  in  Italy;  the  name  of 
thi§  king  waa  Malenniua,  according  to  Capitolinua,  Vit  M.  Anton,  c.  1. 

X  Genere.]  Both  having  been  adopted  by  Antoninus  Piua ;  aee  Capi- 
tollnu^  Vit.  Ant.  P.  c.  4.  Hence  Verua  is  caUed  the  brother  of 
Marcus  by  Aurelius  Victor  de  Ces.  o.  16 ;  by  Jamblichus  ap.  Photium, 
y.  242 ;  bv  Capitolinua  Vit*  Veri,  c  4  and  11  i  and  by  Oroaxus  vu.  16. 

—  Trtch  %cfct. 

.     §  The  Urritory  inhabited  by  the  Veneti,  in  which  both  Concordia 

and  AlUnum  were  situate,  distant  from  each  other  *bout  thirty-one 

uiiea.  .  , . 

Ouu  mwhi]  Gkreanus  iaterpreU  au*»  by  iventu^    Caaut  morlfi 


■-.^3 


11 


I  'a 


\ 


■4^r^ 


G2< 


EUTROPIUS. 


[B,via 


\ 


tho  Greeks  call  aj«>pUxi,.  He  was  a  man  *W  had  Utile  coo. 
ml  over  W.  pa  Jon,,  but  «bo  never  ventured  to  do  anjtluDg 
troi  over  m»  i^  ,.,_e-.  for  hu  brother.  After  his  death, 
TrZi  vZ  [:'Ce  eUventh  year  .of  his  reign,  he  .a. 
enrolled  among  the  god.       ^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^  -^  ^^ 

alone  a  man  whom  any  one  may  more  easi  J  ~im.re  than 
Buffi!  entW  commend.     He  v,a3.  from  his  earUest  years,  of  a 

most  tranquil  disposition;  so  that  -«°  '"  """^ ^^.s 
chanized  countenance  neither  for  joy  nor  for  sorrow.  He  v^a-s 
devldt^Sie  Stoic  philosophy  a.d  was  W-self  a ^ulos^pher 
not  only  in  his  way  of  life,  but  in  loarnmg.*  He  was  the 
Ob  ect  of  ^much  admiration,  while  yet  a  youth,  that  Hadnan 
tntTnd^  Z  make  him  his  successor ;  but  having  adopted  Titus 
Anton'ls  pTus.  he  wished  Marcus  to  become  Tit^s  son-in- 
Uw  that  he  might  by  tlrnt  means  come  to  the  throne. 

XII    He  wa!  trained  in  philosophy  by  ApoUomus  of  Chal- 

S'equarJLT-ved"^'"  -  "-g""^"  "'  ''I'j'^lf''"  'S 
•  T    H„   exercised    the   most   prompt    bberality    and 

'""°   ^  .1^  n^vinc^  with  Uie  utmost  kindness  and  indul- 
u.aiaged  t^he  provinc^  «>^  «ere  successfully  conducted 

Renc3.  .^"1*' 2,.s  He  himself  carried  on  one  war  with 
agaiust  tlie  0"^'''.  ^'  ,^  greater  tlmn  any  in  tlid 
ibe  Marcomanni.  but  ttiis  was  8™"  ,  p':.  _-rs  ■ 
«f  ™...  •  an  that  it  18  compared  to  tlie  I'unic  wars  . 
ZT^l^s;>  Z'^^l  more  foLdable.  ^  .hole  ar... 
Id  beeu  lost;  since/under  the  emperor.  -^^^^^^^^^^ 
over  the  Parthians.t  there  occurred  bo  destructive  a  pesUlence 
?W  «?  Ro^e  and  throughout  Italy  and  the  provinces,  the 
jTeater  p^  of  rinhabiUnts,  and  almost  all  the  txoops.  sunk 

^XiVl'hS  persevered;,  therefore,  .ith'.  tho   greatest 

«eo.  10  bo  much  tUe-«me  as  tUe^dmple  mor&w,  or  morMa  iubUus: 
In  c  12  occur.  ^JP^%-^.  Tb«  same  words ^v^  by  CapitoT 
UnoaTc:  17.     The  meauing  w^aV"^  ^  that  Uww  b»A  w>ea 
wUk  cJU  Cerwanj  e^ualljf  fomuOabU. 


w,XV.] 


ABRUXJilENT  OF  ROMAN  HlflTOBT. 


63 


labour  aud  patience,  for  three  whole  years  at  Camuntum,*  he 
brought  the  Marcomannic  war  to  an  end ;    a  war  which  tlie 
Quadi,  Vandals,  Sarmatians,  Suevi,  and  all  the  barbarians  in 
that  quarter,  had  joined   with  the   Marcomanni   in  raising; 
he  killed  several  thousand  men,  and,  having  delivered  the 
Pnnnonians  from  slavery,  triumphed  a  second  time  at  Rome* 
with  his  son  Commodus  Antoninus,  whom  he  had  previously 
made  Caesar.f      As  he  had  no  money  to  give  his  soldiers,  in 
consequence  of  the  treasury  having  been  exhausted  for  the 
support  of  the  war,  and  as  he  was  unwilling  to  lay  any  tax  on 
ihe  provinces  or  the  senate,  he  sold  off  all  his  imperial  furniture 
and  decorations,  by  an  auction  held  in  the  forum  of  the  em- 
peror Trajan,  consisting  of  vessels  of  gold,  cups  of  crystal  and 
fnurrha,i  silk  garments  belonging  to  his  wife  and  himself, 
embroidered  with  gold,  and  numbers  of  jewelled  ornaments. 
This  sale  was  continued  through  two  successive  months,  and  a 
great  quantity  of  money  was  raised  fjrom  it.     After  his  victory, 
however,  he  gave  back  the  money  to  such  of  the  purchasers  as 
were  willing  to  restore  what  they  had  bought,  but  was  by  no 
means  troublesome  to  any  one  who  preferred  to  keep  their 
purchases. 

XIV.  He  allowed  the  more  eminent  men  to  give  entertain- 
ments with  the  same  magnificence,  and  the  same  number  of 
attendants,  as  himself.  In  the  display  of  games  after  his 
victory,  ho  was  so  munificent,  that  he  is  said  to  have  exhibited 
a  hundred  lions  at  once.  Having,  then,  rendered  the  state 
happy,  both  by  his  excellent  management  and  gentleness  of 
dis{)osition,  he  died  in  the  eighteenth  year  of  his^  reign  and 
the  sixty-first  of  his  life,  and  was  enrolled  among  the  gods,  all 
unanimously  voting  that  such  honour  should  be  paid  him. 

XV.  His  successor,  Lucios  Antoninus  Commodus,  had  no 
resemblance  to  his  father,  except  that  he  fought  successfolly 
agunst  tho  Germans.      He  endeavoXired  to  alter  the  name  of 


*  A  town  In  Upper  Pannoaia,  on  tho  Danube,  where  Haimburg  or 
Petronel  now  atanda.  See  llanneri,  T.  iii.  p.  740  ;  alao  Cluveriuji  aod 
Cell^riua. 

t  The  title  of  Caesar  was  now  giren  to  the  person  next  in  dignity  to. 
the  emperor,  and  who  was  intended  to  succeed  Kim-  • 

X  Murrhina.]  What  subetAnce  murrha  was  is  unknown.  It  has 
been  thought  to  be  porcejain,  but  ia  now  generally  luppoaed  to  hava 
been  soma  kind  of  stona. 

L  L 


|i;  '^•^^^^f^&^^M 


"frj. 


64 


EUTBOPIUB. 


fiivm 


C.XXI.] 


ACRIDGMENT  OF  ROiLlN   HISTORY. 


65 


the  monlli  of  Beplember*  to  his  own,  so  that  it  should  bo 
called  Commodus.  But  he  was  corrupted  with  luxury  and 
licentiousness.  He  often  fought,  with  gladiator's  arms,  in  ih« 
fencing  school,  and  afterwards  with  men  of  that  class  in  the 
amphitheatre.  ■:  He  died  so  sudden  a  death,  that  he  was 
thought  to  have  been  strangled  or  despatched  by  poison,  alter 
he  had  reigned  twelve  years  and  eight  months  after  his  father, 
and  in  the  midst  of  such  execration  from  all  men.  that  even 
after  his  death  he  was  styled  "  the  enemy  of  the  human  race. 

XVI.  To  him  succeeded  Pebtinax,  at  a  very  advanced  age, 
having  reached  his  seventieth  year ;  he  was  appointed  to  be 
emperor  by  a  decree  of  the  senate,  when  he  was  holding  the 
office  of  prafect  of  tho  city.  ^  He  was  killed  in  a  mutiny 
of  the  prffitorian  soldiers,  by,  the  villany  of  Juhanus,  on  the 

eightieth  day  of  his  reign.  ^ 

XVII.  Afterhis  death  SALTiusJuuANUSseized  the  govern. 

ment,  a  man  of  noble  birth,  and  eminently  skilled  in  the  law ; 
he  was  the  grandson  of  that  Salvius  Julian  us  who  composed 
the  perpetual  edict*  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Adrian.  He 
was  defeated  by  Severus  at  the  Milviim  bridge,  and  killed  m 
the  palace.     He  lived  only  eight  months  after  he  began  to  reign. 

XVIII.  SciPTiMius  Severus  then  assumed  the  government 
of  the  Roman  empire  ;  a  native  of  Africa,  born  in  the  province 
of  TripoUs,  and  town  of  Leptis.  He  was  the  only  Afncan,  m 
all  the  time  before  or  after  him,  that  became  emperor.  He 
was  first  prsefect  of  the  treasury,  afterwards  military  tnbune, 
and  then  rose,  tlirough  several  offices  and  posts  of  honour,  to 
the  government  of  the  whole  state.  He  had  an  inclination  to 
be  called  Pertina.x,  in  honour  of  that  Pertinax  who  had  been 
killed  by  Julian.  He  was  very  parsimonious,  and  naturally 
cruel.  He  conducted  many  wars,  and  with  success.  He 
killed  Pescennius  Niger,  who  had  raised  a  rebellion  in  Egypt 
and  Syria,  at  Cyzicus.  He  overcame  the  Parthians,  the  in- 
terior Arabians,  and   the    Adiabeni.     The   Arabians    he    so 

•  He  wished,  aa  Tzschticke  observea,  to  hare  the  month  of  August 
called  Commodus,  and  that  of  September,  HercuUua.     See  Lamprid. 

t  The  praetors  had  been  accustomed  lo  publish  each  his  own  edict, 
aa  to  the  method  in  which  he  ^tended  to  administer  justice  for  [ii« 
year.  The  edicts  were  of  course  often  very  different ;  but  by  ihia 
perpeiual  cdki  a  uniform  course  of  proceedia  was  kid  down.  S<«« 
note  ou  C.  Nop.  Life  of  Cftto,  c.  2, 


cffectoally  reduced,  that  he  made  them  a  province  ;  hence  he 
was  called  Parthicus,  Arabicus,  and  Adiabenicus.  He  rebuilt; 
many  edifices  throughout  tho  whole  Roman  world.  In  his 
reign,  too,  Clodius  Albinus,  who  had  been  an  accomplice  of 
Julianus  in  killing  Pertinax,  set  himself  up  for  Caesar  in  Gajiil, 
and  was  overthrown  and  killed  at  Lyons. 

XIX.  Severus,  in  addition  to  his  glory  in  war,  was  also  dis- 
tinguished in  the  pursuits  of  peace,  being  not  only  accomplished 
in  literature,  but  having  acquired  a  complete  knowledge  of 
phiKisophy.  The  last  war  that  he  had  was  in  Britain ;  and 
tliat  he  might  preserve,  with  all  possible  security,  the  provinces 
which  he  had  acquired,  he  built  a  rampart  of  thirty-two  miles 
long  from  one  sea  to  the  other.  He  died  at  an  advanced  age 
at  York,  in  the  eighteenth  year  and  fourth  month  of  his  reign, 
and  was  honoured  with  the  title  of  god.  He  left  his  two  sons, 
Bassianus  and  Geta,  to  be  his  successors,  but  desired  that  the 
name  of  Antoninus  should  be  given  by  tho  senate  to  Bassi- 
anus only,  who,  accordingly,  was  named  Marcus  Aurelius  An- 
toninus  Bassianus,  and  was  his  father's  successor.  As  for 
Geta,  he  was  declared  a  public  enemy,  and  soon  after  put  to 
death. 

XX.  Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus  Bassianus,  then,  who 
was  also  called  Caracalla,  was  a  man  very  much  of  his 
father's  disposition,  but  somewhat  more  rough  and  vindictive. 
He  erected  a  bath  of  excellent  construction  at  Rome,  which  is 
called  the  bath  of  Antoninus,*  but  did  nothing  else  worthy  of 
record.  He  wanted  ability  to  control  his  passions ;  for  he 
married  his  own  step-mother  Julia.  He  died  in  Osdroene.t 
near  Edessa,  while  he  was  planning  an  expedition  against  the 
Parthians,  in  the  sixth  year  and  second  mouth  of  his  reign, 
having  scarcely  passed  the  forty-second  year  of  his  age.  He 
wiLS  buried  with  a  public  funeral. 

XXI.  Opilius  Macrinus,  who  was  captain  of  the  pnetorian 
guai'ds,  and  his  son  Diadcmenus,  were  then  made  emperors, 
but  did  nothing  memorable,  in  consequence  of  the  shortness 
of  their  reign  ;  for  it  lasted  but  a  year  and  two  months.  They 
were  both  killed  together  in  a  mutiny  of  the  soldiers. 

•  OPM  lavacri,  owe  Antonmiana  appellantur.']  The  change  of 
«nderMd  number,  as  Tzschucke  observea,  makes  the  reader  suspect 
that  ?omething  must  be  wrong.     Cellariua  suppUe.s  tkerma. 

4  More  frequently  written  Osrhocne. 

L  L  2 


i 


";*?* 


^x^h> 


t'M-^i''»iii 


?,  ■  -■'?i 


.-^^tS"^ 


66 


EUTROPIUSL 


[B.VIII. 


XXII.  After  these,  Marcus  Attreltus  Antoninus  was 
made  emperor,  who  was  thought  to  be  the  son  of  Antoninus 
Caracalla.  He  was  however  priest  of  the  temple  of  Helio 
gabalus.*  Having  come  to  Rome  with  high  expectations  on 
the  part  of  the  army  and  the  senate,  he  polluted  himself  with 
every  kind  of  impurity.  He  led  a  life  of  the  utmost  shame- 
lessness  and  obscenity,  and  was  killed  at  the  end  of  two  years 
and  eight  months  in  a  tumult  of  the  soldiers.  «  His  mother 
Soemia,  a  native  of  Syria,  perished  with  him. ' 

XXm.  To  him  succeeded  Aurelios  Alexander,  a  very 
young  man,  who  was  named  Caesar  by  the  army,  and  Augustus 
by  the  senate.  Having  undertaken  a  war  with  the  Persians, 
he  defeated  their  king  Xerxes  with  great  glory.  He  enforced 
military  discipline  with  much  severity,  and  disbanded  whole 
legions  that  raised  a  disturbance.  He  bad  for  his  adviser,  or 
secretary  of  state,  Ulpian,  the  compiler  of  the  law.  He  was 
also  in  great  favour  at  Rome.  He  lost  his  life  in  Gaul,  in  a 
tumult- of  the  soldiery,  in  the  thirteenth  year  and  eighth  day  of 
his  reign.    He  testified  great  affection  for  his  mother  Mammaea. 

*  A  Syrophoeniciao  deity  at  Emesa ;  hence  h«  bimaelf  was  called 
Heliogabalua.  He  was  made  emperor  through  the  artificea  of  his 
grandmother.  Julia  Moeea,  who  nretended  that  he  was  the  eon  of 
Caracaik. 


"i.^^ 


mf^ 


67 


BOOK   IX. 

Ifiiiimin  Bucceasful  in  hia  wars  in  Germany,  I.— Three  emperors  at 
once,  Pupienu<»,  Balbinus,  and  Gordian ;    Gordian  becomes   sole 
euiperor,  and  goes  to  war  with  Persia,  IL— The  two  Philips,  father 
and  son ;  the  thousandth  year  of  Rome,  III  — Decius  suppresses 
an  inaurrection   in   Gaul,  IV. — Gallus   Hostilianus  and  his  son 
Volusianus,  V.— Short  reign  of  iEmilianus,  VI.— Disadvantageouf* 
rei^n  of   Valerian  and   Oallienus ;   several  aspirants  assume  the 
purple,  VII.-X.— Claudius  defeats  the  Goths  ;  Lis  honours,  XI.— 
Quyitiilus,  XII.— Aurelian  defeats  the  Goths,  Tetricus,  Zenobia ; 
Buppresses  a   rebellion    at    Rome;    hia   character,    XIII.-XV. — 
Tacitus,  Florianus,  XVL— Probus  ;  his  acts  iu  Gaul  and  Pannonia, 
XVllL — CaruB ;  his  successes  in  Persia  ;  death  of  him  and  Nume- 
rianus,    XVIII.    K IX.— Diocletian    made    emperor;    overthrows 
Carinus ;  suppresses  an  insurrection  in  Gaul,*XX. — Makes  Hercu- 
liuB  emi>eror,  and  Constantius  and  Maximian  Casara ;  proceedings 
in  Britain,  Egypt,  Africa,  and  among  the  Alemanni,  XXI. -XX I II. 
—  Varied   fortune  of  Maximian   in   Persia;   subjugation    of  the 
Carpi,    Baotaruse,    and   Sarmatians,  XXIV.   XXV.— Character   of 
Diocletian  and  Maximian  ;  their  abdication  of  the  imperial  power. 
XXVI.-XXVIIL 

I.  After  him  Mammin  came  to  the  throne,  the  first  einpe- 
ror  that  was  elected  from  the  army  by  the  will  of  the  soldiers, 
no  approbation  of  the  senate  being  given,  and  he  himself  not 
being  a  senator.  After  conducting  a  successful  war  against 
the  Germans,  and  being  on  that  account  saluted  Imperator* 
by  his  troops,  he  was  slain  by  Pupienus  at  Aquileia,t  together 
with  his  son  who  was  then'but  a  boy,  liis  soldiers  forsaking 
him.     He  had  reigned,  with  his  son.  three  years  and  a  few 

divs. 

II.  There  were  then  three  emperors  at  the  same  time, 
Pupienus,  Balbinus,  and  Gordian,  the  two  former  of  very 
obscure  origin,  the  last  of  noble  birth  ;  for  the  elder  Gordian, 
his  father,  had  been  chosen  prince  by  the  consent  of  the  sol- 
diery m  the  reign  of  Maximin,  when  he  held  the  proconsulslup 
of  Africa.  When  Balbinus  and  Pupienus  came  to  Rome,  they 
were  killed    in   the   palace ;   and   the   empire   was   given  to 

Gordian  alone.  .  j  rr.  ir      „* 

After  Gordian,  when  quite  a  boy,  had  married  Tranquillma  at 

Home,  he  opened  the  temple  of  Janus,  and,  settmg  out  for  tlie 
•  In  the  old  sense  of  the  word,  as  Tzschucke  thinks,  on  account  of 

his  victory.     He  had  been  made   emperor  before,  as  appears   from 

^  t"  A^dty^f  Gallia  Transpadana,  at  the  top  of  the  Adriatic. 


_         *  fliWll.  4l>Ui« 


-A-y- 


68 


EUTR0PIU8. 


tR:x: 


east,  made  war  upon  the  Parthiana,  who  were  tlien  proceeding 
to  make  an  irruption.  This  war  he  soon  conducted  with  t^uc- 
cess,  and  made  havoc  of  the  Persians  in  gre.it  battles. 
As  he  was  returning,  he  was  killed,  not  far  from  the 
Roman  boundaries,  by  tljc  treachery  of  Philip  who  reigned 
after  him.  The  Pvoman  soldiers  raised  a  monument  for  him,, 
twenty  miles  from  Circessus,  which  is  now  a  fortress  of  the 
Romans,  overlooking  the  Euphrates.  His  relics  they.broujiht 
to  Rome,  and  gave  him  the  title  of  god. 

III.  When  Gordian  was  killed,  the  two  Philips,  father  end 
son,  seized  on  the  government,  and,  having  brought  Off  the 
army  safe,  set  out  from  Syria  for  Italy.  In  their  reign  the 
thousandth  year  of  the  city  of  Rome  was  celebrated  with  games 
and  spectacles  of  vast  magnificence.  Soon  after,  both  of  them 
were  put  to  death  by  the  soldiery;  the  elder  Philip  at  Verona, 
the  younger  at  Rome.  They  reigned  but  five  years.  They 
were  however  mnked  among  tlie  gods, 

IV.  After  these,  Decius,  a  native  of  Lower  Pannonia,  bom 
at  Budalia,  assumed  the  government.  He  suppressed  a  civil 
war  which  had  been  raised  in  Gaul.  He  created  his  son  Caesar. 
He  built  a  bath  at  Rome.  When  he  and  his  son  had  reigned  two 
years,  they  were  both  killed  in  the  country  of  the  Barbarians, 
and  enrolled  among  the  gods. 

V.  Immediately  after,  Gallus.  Hostilianus,  and  Volusi- 
ANUS  the  son  of  Gallus,  were  created  emperors.  In  their  reign 
iEmilianus  attempted  an  insurrection  in  Moesia ;  and  both*  of 
them,  setting  out  to  stop  his  progress,  were  slain  at  Interamna, 
when  they  had  not  quite  completed  a  reign  of  two  years. 
They  did  nothing  of  any  account.  Their  reign  was  re- 
markable only  for  a  pestilence,  and  for  other  diseases  and 
afflictions. 

VI.  iEMiLiANUs  was  little  distinguished  by  birth,  and  less 
distinguished  by  his  reign,  in  the  third  month  of  which  he 
was  cut  ofT.t 

VII.  LiciNius  Valerian,  who  was  then  employed  in  Rha- 
tift  and  Noricum,  was  next  made  general  by  the  army,  and  soon 
after  emperor.  Gallienus  also  received  tlie  title  of  Cffsar 
from  the  senate  at  Rome.     The  reipjn  of  these  princes  was  in- 

•  Amho.']  Both  QalluH  and  Volusiauus. — T^hueht. 
t  £j:iCnctiu  rsf-l  He  waa  killed  by  the  aoldierj-,  according  to  Zoaimu^ 
L  29,  aud  Zunanis,  xii.  22. 


•^^ 


■  Taff 


C.L\.] 


ABRIDGMENT   OF   ROMAN   HISTORY. 


69 


jurious,  and  almost  hXal,  to  the  Roman  name,  either  through 
their  ill-fortune  or  w-ant  of  energy.  The  Germans  advanced 
as  far  as  Ravenna.  Valerian,  while  he  was  occupied  in  a  war  in 
Mesopotamia,  wag  overthrown  by  Sapor  king  of  Pereia,  and 
being  soon  after  made  prisoner,  grew  old  in  ignominious  slavery 
among  the  P:irthians. 

VI II.  Gallienus,  who  was  made  emperor  when  quite  a 
young  man,  exercised  his  power  at  first  happily,  afterwards 
fairly,  and  at  last  mischievously.  In  his  youth  he  performed 
many  gallant  acts  in  Gaul  and  Illyricum,  killing  Ingeuuus, 
who  had  assumed  the  purple,  at  Mursa,*  and  Regalianus.  He 
was  then  for  a  long  time  quiet  and  gentle  ;  afterwards, 
abandoning  himself  to  all  manner  of  licentiousness,  he  re- 
laxed the  reins  of  government  with  disgraceful  inactivity  aud 
carelcsness.  The  Alemanni,  having  laid  waste  Gaul,  pene- 
trated into  Italy.  Dacia,  which  had  been  added  to  the 
empire  beyond  the  Danube,  was  lost.  Greece,  Macedonia, 
Pontus.  Asia,  were  devastated  by  the  Goths.  Pannonia  was 
depopulated  by  the  Sarmatians  and  Quadi.  The  Germans 
made  their  way  as  far  as  Spain,  and  took  the  noble 
city  of  Tarraco.  The  Parthians,  after  taking  possession  of 
Mesopotamia,  began  to  bring  Syria  under  their  power. 

IX.  When  affaire  were  in  this  desperate  condition,  and  the 
Roman  empire  almost  ruined,  Postumus,  a  man  of  very 
obscure  birth,  assumed  the  purple  in  Gaul,  and  held  the 
government  with  such  ability  for  ten  years,  that  he  recruited 
the  provinces,  which  had  been  almost  ruined,  by  his  great 
energy  and  judgment ;  but  he  was  killed  in  a  mutiny  of  the 
army,  because  he  would  not  deliver  up  Moguntiacum,  which 
had  rebelled  against  him,  to  be  plundered  by  the  soldiers,  at 
the  time  when  Lucius  j3ilianu3  was  endeavouring  to  effect  a 
change  of  government. 

After  him  ilarius,  a  contemptible  mechanic.t  assumed  the 
purple,  and  was  killed  two  days  after.  Victorinus  then  took 
on  himself  the  government  of  Gaul ;  a  man  of  great  energy; 
but,  as  he  was  abandoned  to  excessive  licentiousness,  and 
corrupted  other  men  s  wives,  he  was  assassinated  at  Agrip- 

•  A  town  of  Lower  Pannonia,  on  the  river  Drave.  Cellar.  Geog, 
Ant.  iL  8,  27. 

f  Viltjifimtu  opifex.]  Victor  de  Cae«.  83,  9,  calls  him  fcrii  ovxfex  a 
frorker  in  iruu. 


fZi/^. 


■  -S^V-J  ".Bj;.-  -  •l4.'( 


70 


EUTEOPIUa. 


[b.ix. 


c.xv.] 


ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN    HISTORY. 


71 


pina,*  in  the  second  year  of  his  rcigu,  one  of  his  secretiriea 
having  contrived  a  plot  against  him. 

X.fTo  him  succeeded  Tetriciis,  a  senator,  who,  whon  he 
<vas  governing  Aquitania  \^'ith  the  title  of  prwfect,  was  chosen 
emperor  in  his  absence,  and  assumed  the  purple  at  Bourdeaux. 
He  had  to  endure  many  insurrections  among  the  soldiery. 
But  while  these  transactions  were  passing  in  Gaul,  the  Per- 
sians, in  the  east,  were  overthrown  by  Odenathus,  who,  having 
defended  Syria  and  recovered  Mesopotamia,  penetrated  into 
the  country  as  far  as  Ctesiphon.^     V 

XI.  Thus,  while  Gallienus  abandoned  the  government,  the 
lioman  empire  was  saved  in  the  west  by  Posthuraus,  and  in 
the  east ; by  Odenathus.  Meanwhile  Gallienus  was  killed  at 
Milan,  together  with  liis  brother,  in  the  ninth  year  of  his 
.reign,  and  Claudius  succeeded  him,  being  chosen  by  the 
soldiers,  and  declared  emperor  by  the  senate.  Claudius 
defeated  the  Goths,  who  were  laying  waste  lUyricum  and 
Macedonia,  in  a  great  battle.  He  was  a  fruj^al  and  modest 
man, ,  strictly  obsen-ant  of  justice,  and  well  quaHfied  far 
governing  the  empire.  He  was  however  carried  off  by  disease 
within  two  years  after  he  began  to  reign,  and  had  the  title  of 
a  god.  The. senate  honoured  him  with  extraordinary  distinc- 
tions, insomuch  that  a  golden  shield  was  hung  up  to  him  in 
the  senate  house,  and  a  golden  statue  erected  to  him  in  the 
Capitol. 

XII.  After  him  Quiktillus,  tho  brother  of  Claudius,  was 
elected  emperor  by  agreement  among  the  soldiers,  a  man 
of  singular  moderation  and  aptitude  for  governing,  comparable, 
or  perhaps  superior,  to  his  brother.  He  received  the  title  of 
emperor  with  the  consent  of  the  senate,  and  was  killed  on  the 
seventeenth  day  of  his  reign. 

XIII.  After  his  death  Aurelian  succeeded  to^'the  throne. 
He  was  bom  in  Dacia  Ripeusis,  and  was  a  man  of  ability  in 
war,  but  of  an  ungovernable  temper,  and  too  much  inclined 
to  cruelty.  He  defeated  the  Goths  with  great  vigour,  and 
extended  the. Roman  empire,  by  various  successes  in  the  field, 
lo^its  former  limits.      He  overthrew  Tetricus  at  Catalaunif 

•  A  lownof  tbelJbii,  so  called  beeaose  Agrippina  was  bom  there.   It 

ia  now  Colognn!. 

t  In  Gallia  Bclgica,  ^Amm.  MarcelL  xv.  11^  now,  ast  Tsschucke  thinka 
ChdUrM  $ur  Mamo 


in  Gaul,  Tetricus  himself,  indeed,  betraying  his  own  army, 
whose  constant  mutinies  he  was  unable  to  bear  ;  and  he  had 
even  by  secret  letters  entreated  Aurelian  to  march  towaids 
him,  using,  among  other  solicitations,  the  verse  of  Virgil  :  — 

Erijte  mehii^  invictt,  mcdis. 
Onconquer'd  hero,  free  me  from  these  ills. 

He  also  Look  prisoner  Zp;iobia,  who,  having  killed  her  hus- 
band Odenathus,  was  mistress  of  the  east,  in  a  battle  of  no 
great  importance  near  Aiitioch,  and,  entering  Rome,  celebrated 
a  magnincent  triumph,  as  recoverer  of  the  east  and  the  west, 
Tetricus*  and  Zenobia  going  before  his  chariot.  This  Tetri- 
cus was  aftenvards  governor  of  Lucania,  and  lived  long  after 
he  was  divested  of  the  purple.    Zenobia  left  descendants,  who 

still  live  at  Rome. 
.  XIV.  In  his  reign,  the  people  of  the  mint  raised  a  rebellion 
in  the  city,  after  having  adulterated  the  money,  and  put  to 
death  Felicissimus  the  commissioner  of  the  treasury.  Aure- 
lian suppressed  them  with  the  utmost  severity ;  several  noble- 
men he  condemned  to  death.  He  was  indeed  cruel  and 
sanguinary,  and  rather  an  emperor  necessary  for  the  times  in 
some  respects  than  an  amiable  one  in  any.  He  was  always 
severe,  and  put  to  death  even  the  son  of  his  own  sister.  He  was 
however  a  reformer,  in  a  great  degree,  of  military  discipline 
and  dissoluteness  of  manners. 

XV.  He  surrounded  the  city  of  Rome  with  stronger  walls. 
He  built  a  temple  to  the  Sun,  in  which  he  put  a  vast  quantity 
of  gold  and  precious  stones.  The  province  of  Dacia,  which 
Trajan  had  formed  beyond  the  Danube,  he  gave  up,  despair- 
ing, after  all  lllyricum  and  Mcesia  had  been  depopulated,  of 
being  able  to  retain  it.  The  Roman  citizens,  removed  from 
the  town  and  lands  of  Dacia,  he  settled  in  the  interior  of  Mcesia, 
calling  that  Dacia  which  now  divides  the  two  Moesi»,  and 
which  is  on  the  right  hand  of  the  Danube  as  it  runs  to  the  sea, 
whereas  Dacia  was  previously  on  the  left.  He  was  killed 
through  the  treachery  of  one  of  his  own  slaves,  who  carried  to 
certain  military  men,  the  friends  of  Aurelian,  their  own  names 
entered  upon  a  list,  having  counterfeited  the  hand  of  Aurelian, 
and  making  it  appear  that  he  intended  to  put  them  to  death. 
That  he  might  be  prevented  from  doing  so,  he  was  assassinated 

•  SeedO. 


iV: 


i^n 


73 


EUTROnUS. 


[rdl 


by  them  in  the  middle  of  the  road,  the  old  paved  way,  which 
is  between  Cousiantinople  and  Heraclea.  The  place  is  called 
Cfienophrurium.  But  his  death  was  not  unavenged.*  Ho 
also  gained  the  honour  of  being  enrolled  among  the  gods.  Ho 
reijjned  five  years  and  six  months. 

XVI.  After  him  Tacitus  succeeded  to  the  throne ;  a  man 
of  excellent  morals,  and  well  qualified  to  govern  the  empire. 
He  was  unable,  however,  to  sViow  the  world  anything  remark- 
able, being  cut  off  by  death  in  the  sixth  mopth  of  his  reign. 
Florunus,  who  succeeded  Tacitus,  was  on  the  throne  only  two 
months  and  twenty  days,  and  did  nothing  worthy  of  mention 
J7  XVII.  Probus  then  succeeded  to  tlie  government,  a  man 
rendered  illustrious  by  the  distinction  which  he  obtained 
in  war.  He  recovered  Gaul,  which  had  been  seized  by  the 
Barbarians,  by  remarkable  successes  in  the  field.  He  also 
suppressed,  in  sevcnJ  battles,  some  persons  that  attempted  to 
seize  the  throne,  as  Satuminus  in  the  east,  and  Proculus  and 
Bonosus  at  Agrippina.  He  allowed  the  Gauls  and  Cannonians 
to  have  vineyards.  By  obliging  his  soldiers  to  work,  too,  he 
planted  vineyards  on  Mount  Alma  in  Sirmium,  and  on  Mount 
Aureus  in  Upper  Moesia,  and  left  them  to  the  people  of  tho 
provinces  to  cultivate.  After  he  had  gone  through  a  great 
number  of  wars,  and  had  at  last  obtained  peace,  he  observed, 
that  ••  in  a  short  time  soldiers  would  not  be  wanted."  He  was 
a  man  of  spirit,  activity,  and  justice,  equalling  Aurelian  in 
miUtary  glory,  and  surpassing  him  in  affability  of  manners. 
He  was  killed,  however,  at  Sirmium,  in  an  iron  turret,  during 
an  insurrection  of  the  soldiery.  He  reigned  six  years  and 
four  months. 

XYIU.  After  the  death  of  Probus,  Carus  was  created 
emperor,  a  native  of  Narbo  in  Gaul,  who  immediately  mode 
his  sous,  Carinus  and  Numerianus,  Caesars,  and  reigned,  in 
conjunction  with  them,  two  years.  News  being  brought,  while 
he  was  engaged  in  a  war  with  the  Sarmatians,  of  an  insurrec- 
tion among  the  Persians,  he  set  out  for  the  east,  and  achieved 
some  noble  exploits  against  that  people  ;  he  routed  them  in  the 
field,  and  took  Seleucia  and  Ctesiphon,  their  noblest  cities, 
but,  while  he  was  encamped  on  the  Tigris,  he  was  killed  by 
lightning      His  son  Numerianus,  too,  whom  he  had  taken 

*  Tacitus  m:xde  it  his  care  to  put  the  uaaasius  to  death.     Yopise 
Vit  Tacit  c  13 ;  Aurei.  Vict  Epit  c  36. 


^^k^^^^ 


c.xx.] 


ABRIDCMEIsT   OF   ROMAN   HISTORY 


73 


with  him  to  Persia,  a  young  man  of  very  great  ability,  while, 
from  being  affected  with  a  disease  in  his  eyes,  he  was  earned  in 
a  litter,  was  cut  off  by  a  plot  of  which  Aper,  bis  father-in-law, 
was  the  promoter ;  and  his  death,  though  attempted  craftily  to 
be  concealed  until  Aper'coald  seize  the  throne,  was  made  known 
by  the  odour  of  his  dead  body ;  for  the  soldiers,  who  attended 
him,  being  struck  by  the  smell,  and  opening  the  curtains  of  his 
litter,  discovered  his  death  some  days  after  it  had  taken  place. 

XIX.  In  ;the  meantime  Cabinds,  whom  Carus,  when  he 
Bet  out  to  the  war  with  Parthia,  had  left,  with  the  authority  of 
Caesar,  to  command  in  Illyricum,  Gaul,  and  Italy,  disgraced 
himself  by  all  manner  of  crimes ;  he  put  to  death  many  inno- 
cent persons  on  false  accusations,  formed  illicit  connexions  with 
the  wives  of  noblemen,  and  wrought  the  ruin  of  several  of  his 
bchool-fifllows,  who  happened  to  have  offended  him  at  school 
by  some  slight  provocation.  Incurring  the  hatred  of  all  men 
by  such  proceedings,  he  not  long  after  met  with  deoerMo  1 
punishment. 

The  victorious  army,  on  retuniing  from  Persia,  as  they  had 
lost  their  emperor  Carus  by  lightning,  and  the  Caesar  Numeri- 
anus by  a  plot,  conferred  the  imperial  dignity  on  Diocletian, 
a  native  of  Dalmatia,  of  such  extremely  obscure  birth,  that  he 
is  said  by  most  writers  to  have  been  the  son  of  a  clerk,  but 
by  some  to  have  been  a  freedman  of  a  senator  named  Anulinus.y 

XX,  Diocletian,  in  the  first  assembly  of  the  army  that  was 
held,  took  an  oath  that  Numerian  was  not  killed  by  any  treachery 
on  his  part;  and  while  Aper,  who  had  laid  the  plot  for  Nume- 
rian's  life,  was  standing  by,  he  was  killed,  in  the  sight  of  the 
army,  with  a  sword  by  the  hand  'of  Diocletian.  He  soon  after 
overthrew  Carinus,  who  was  living  under  the  utmost  hatred 
and  detestation,  in  a  great  battle  at  Margum,*  Carinus  being 
betrayed  by  his  own  troops,  for  though  he  had  a  greater  num- 
ber of  men  than  the  enemy,  he  was  altogether  abandoned  by 
them  between  Viminacium  and  mount  Aureus.  He  thus 
became  master  of  the  Pwoman  empire ;  and  when  the  peasants 
in  Gaul  made  an  insurrection,  giving  their  faction  the  name 
of  Bagaudse,t  and  ha^^ng  for  leaders  Amandus  and  -^lianus, 

*  A  town  la  Upper  McesU,  between  the  Danube  and  the  Margus  or 
Horava. 

t  A  uame  of  uncertain  signification,  but  supposed,  says  Tzachucke^ 
to  mean  rebels  or  robbers. 


74 


EUTROPIUS. 


[B.IZ. 


C.XXV.I 


ABRIDGMENT  OF   ROMAN    HISTORY. 


75 


he  despatched  Maximian  HercuHus,  with  the  authority  of 
Caesar,  to  suppress  them.  Maximian,  iu  a  few  Imttles  of 
little  importance,  subdued  the  rustic  multitude,  and  restored 
peace  to  Gaul. 

XXI,  During  this  period,  Carausius,  who»  though  of  very 
mean  birth,  had  gained  extraordinary  reputation  by  a  course  of 
active  service  in  war,  having  received  a  commission  in  his 
post  at  Bononia,  to  clear  the  sea,  which  the  Franks  and  Saxons 
infested,  along  the  coast  of  Belgica  atid  Armorica,  and  having 
captured  numbers  of  the  baibarians  on  several  occasions,  but 
having  never  given  back  the  entire  booty  to  the  people  of  tlie 
province  or  sent  it  to  the  emperors,  and  there  being  a  suspi- 
cion, in  consequence,  that  the  barbarians  were  intentionally 
allowed  by  him  to  congregate  there,  that  he  might  seize  them 
and  their  booty  as  they  passed,  and  by  that  means  enrich  him- 
self, assumed,  on  being  sentenced  by  Maximian  to  be  put 
to  death,  the  imperial  purple,  and  took  on  him  the  government 
of  Britain. 

XXII.  While  disorder  thus  prevailed  throughout  the  world, 
while  Carausius  was  taking  arms  in  Britain  and  Achilleus  in 
Egypt,  while  the  Quinquegentiani  ♦  were  harassing  Africa, 
and  Narseust  was  making  war  upon  the  east,  Diocletian  pro- 
moted Maximian  Herculius  from  the  dignity  of  Csesar  to 
that  of  emperor,  and  crented  Constantius  and  Maximian 
Galerius  Casars,  of  whom  Constantius  is  said  to  have  been  the 
grand-nephew  of  Claudius^  by  a  daughter,  and  Maximian 
Galerius  to  have  been  bom  in  Dacia  not  far  from  Sardica.§ 
That  he  might  ftlso  unite  them  by  affinity,  Constantius  married 
Theodora  the  step-daughter  of  Herculius,  by  whom  he  had 
after\vards  six  children,  brothers  to  Constantine  ;  while  Gale- 
rius married  Valeria,  the  daughter  of  Diocletian ;  both  being 
obliged  to  divorce  the  wives  that  they  had  before.  With 
Carausius,  however,  as  hostilities  were  found  vain  against  a 
man  eminently  skilled  in  war,  a  peace  was  at  last  arranged. 

•  CellariuB  thinks  that  they  may  be  the  same  u  the  Pentipolitani, 
that  is,  the  Cyrenaeans,  Cyrenaica  comprising  five  cities,  Berenice, 
Arsinoe,  Ptolemaia,  ApoUonia,  and  Cyrene, 

+  King  of  Persia ;  more  frequently  viTittcn  Narses. 

t  The  emperor  mentioned  in  c.  11.  Constantius  was  the  grandson 
of  Crispus,  Claudius's  brother. 

§  The  metropolis  of  Dacia  Meditcrranea ;  thought  to  be  the  samt 
M  the  preaent  Sofia  in  Bulgaria. 


At  the  end  of  seven  year?,  Allectus,  one  of  his  supporters,  put 
him  to  death,  and  held  Britain  himself  for  three  years  subse- 
quently, hut  was  cut  oft'  by  the  efforts  of  Asclepiodotus,  prafect 
of  the  praetorian  guard, 

XXI II.  At  the  same  period  a  battle  was  fought  by  Con- 
stantius Caesar  in  Gaul,  at  LingonaB,*  where  he  experienced 
both  good  and  bad  fortune  in  one  day  ;  for  though  he  was 
4riven  into  the  city  by  a  sudden  onset  of  the  barbarians,  with 
such  haste  and  precipitation  that  after  the  gates  were  shut  he 
was  drawn  up  the  wall  by  ropes,  yet,  when  his  army  came  up, 
after  the  lapse  of  scarcely  sU  hours,  he  cut  to  pieces  about 
sixty  thousand  of  the  Alemanni.  Maximian  the  emperor, 
too,  brought  the  war  to  an  end  in  Africa,  by  subduing  the 
Quinquegentiani,  and  compelling  them  to  make  peace. 
Dioaletian,  meanwhile,  besieging  Achilleu"s  in  Alexandria, 
obliged  him  to  surrender  about  eight  months  after,  and  put 
him  to  death.  He  used  his  victory,  indeed,  cruelly,  and 
distressed  all  Egj'pt  with  severe  proscriptions  and  massacres. 
Yet  at  the  aame  time  he  made  many  judicious  arrangements 
and  regulations,  which  continue  to  our  own  days. 

XXIV.  Galerius  Maximian,  in  acting  against  liarseus, 
fought,  on  the  first  occasion,  a  battle  far  from  successful, 
meeting  him  between  Callinicus  and  Carrae,  and  engaging  in 
the  combat  rather  vith  rashness  than  want  of  courage ;  for  ho 
contended  with  a  small  army  against  a  very  numerous  enemy. 
Being  in  consequence  defeated,  and  going  to  join  Diocletian, 
he  was  received  by  him,  when  he  met  him  on  the  road,  with 
such  extreme  haughtiness,  that  he  is  said  to  have  run  by  his 
chariot  for  several  miles  in  his  scarlet  robes. 

XXV.  But  having  soon  after  collected  forces  in  Illyricum 
and  Mcesia,  he  fought  a  second  time  with  Narseus  (the  grand- 
father of  Hormisdas  and  Sanor),  in  Greater  Armenia,  with 
extraordinary  success,  and  wrdi  no  less  caution  and  spiriL  for 
he  undertook,  with  one  or  two  of  the  cavalry,  the  office  of  a 
speculator.^     After  putting  Narseus  to  flight,  he  captured  his 

*  Apud  Lingonfu^']  Lingonao,  or  Lingones,  the  chief  town  of  the 
Lingones  iu  Gaul,  previously  called  Andomatunura  ;  now  Langrcs. 

t  The  tpcculatora,  under  the  emperors,  were  a  body  of  troops 
attached  to  the  praetorian  cbhorts,  or  perhaps  forming  part  of  them, 
apd  having  the  czse  of  the  emperor's  person.  Jpsum  Othonem  comitO' 
hantur  ipeculoMrutn  UciG,  corporOf  cum  caleris  prcUoriit  cohortibus.  Taa 
Hibt.  ii  11. 


"*J  /.«> 


;1t. 


■J.:^. 


I 


'*i*  •  i.'^'*' 


^^p*rV-?r^f^^^^pplj 


7C 


EUTROPIUS. 


[BIX. 


C3.  XXVIII.  J         ABRIDGMENT  OF  EOMAN   HISTORT. 


^7 


xaveii,  sisters,  and  childr.^n,  with  a  Tost  number  of  the 
Persian  nobility  besides,  anJ  a  great  quantity  of  treasure ;  tho 
king  himself  he  forced  to  take  refuge  in  the  remotest  deserts 
ill  his  dominions.  Returning  therefore  in  trimnph  to 
Diocletian,  who  was  then  encamped  with  some  troops  in 
Mesopotamia,  he  was  welcomed  by  him  with  great  lionour. 
Subsequently,  they  conducted  several  wars  both  in  conjunction 
and  separately,  ^subduing  the  Carpi  and  Bastarnje,  and 
defeating  the  Sarmatians,  from  which  nations  ho  settled  a 
great  number  of  captives  in  the  Roman  territories. 

XXVI.  Diocletian  was  of  a  crafty  disposition,  with  ranch 
pagacity,  and  keen  pcnetmtion.  He  was  willing  to  oratify  his 
own  disposition  to  cruelty  in  such  a  way  as  to  throw  tlie  odium 
upon  others ;  he  was  however  a  very  active  and  able  prince. 
He  was  the  first  tltat  introduced  into  the  Roman  empire  a 
ceremony  suited  rather  to  royal  usages  than  to  Roman  liberty, 
'•iviug  orders  that  he' should  be  adored,*  whereas  all  emperors 
before  him  were  only  saluted.  He  put  omataents  of  precious 
stones  on  his  dress  and  shoes,  when  the  impcrijd  distinction 
liad  previously  been  only  in  tl»e  purple  robe,  the  rest  of  the 
habit  being  the  same  as  that  of  other  men. 

XXVII.  But  Hercuhus  w.is  undisguisedly  cruel,  and  of  a 
violent  temper,  and  showed  liis  severity  of  disposition  in  the 
sternness  of  his  looks.  Gratifyinij  his  own  inclinatiou,  he 
joined  with  Diocletian  in  even  the  most  cruel  of  his  proceed- 
ings. But  when  Diocletian,  as  age  bore  heavily  upon  him. 
felt  himself  unable  to  sustain  the  government  of  the  empire,  he 
sujiticated  to  Herculius  that  thev  should  both  retire  into 
private  life,  and  commit  the  duty  of  upholding  the  state  to 
more  vigorous  and  youthful  hands.  With  this  suggestion  his 
colleague  reluctantly  complied.  Both  of  them,  in  the  same 
d:iy,  exchanged  the  robe  of  empire  for  an  ordinary  dress, 
Diocletian  at  Nicomedia,  Hereulius  at  Milan,  soon  after  a 
nu»gnificent  triumph  which  they  celebrated  at  Rome  over 
several  nations,  with  a  noble  succession  of  pictures.f  and  m 

•  Adorari]  Soo  C.  Kep  life  of  Conon,  c.  3. 

t  Pompu  ferculorum  iilxuiri.]  Fcrcult  nre  representations  of  cities, 
river?,  and  oth-Jr  objects  in  tho  conquered  counlnca,  earned  in  pro- 
cession  at  a  triumph,  in  imitation  of  Komiilus,  who  carried  the  spoilt 
of  a  slain  onemy  tuspeyisa  fireulo,  Li  v.  i  10. — Tzschuckc.  Pcrculam 
waa  a  kind  of  frame  iu  which  anything  xoight  be  carried  or  suipooded. 


which  the  wives,  sisters,  and  children  of  Narseus  ypere  led 
before  their  chariots.  Tho  one  then  reUred  to  Salon®,  and  the 
other  into  Lucania. 

XXVIII.  Diocletian  lived  to  an  old  age  in  a  private 
station,  at  a  villa  which  is  not  far  from  Salonae,  in  honourable 
retirement,  exercising  extraordinary  philosophy,  inasmuch  as 
he  alone  of  all  men,  since  the  foundation  of  the  Roman 
empire,  Yoliintarily  returned  from  so  high  a  dignity  to  the 
condition  of  private  Ufe,  and  to  an  equality  with  the  other 
citizens.  That  liappened  to  him,  therefore,  which  had 
happened  to  no  one  since  men  were  created,  that,  though  ho 
died  in  a  private  condition,  he  was  enrolled  among  the  gods 


BOOK  X. 


Dirlflion  of  the  empire  Detween  Coo^taniiuB  and  Oalerius,  Maximin 
and  Seyerua  being  Cssan,  I. — Constantine  niado  emperor  iu 
Britain,  and  Mazentiua,  son  of  M&ximian,  at  Rome ;  Mazimian 
attempts  to  regain  the  throne ;  fniluro  of  Severus  againat  Kax- 
cntius,  II.  -  Subsequent  efforta  of  ilaximian ;  his  death  and 
character,  IIL — Four  emperors  at  once,  Coustantine,  Maxentiua, 
Licinius,  and  Maximin ;  Maxentius  overthrown  by  ConsCantine ; 
death  of  Maximin,  IV. — Liciniuj"  defeated  by  Constantino,  who 
becomes  sole  emperor,  and  makes  three  Cr^sars,  V.  VI. — Character 
and  death  of  Conatantice,  VII.  VIIL — He  ia  succeeded  by  three 
sons  and  a  nephew,  Constantine,  Constantius,  Constans,  and  Dal* 
matins ;  Constantius  survives  them  all.  and  becomes  sole  emperor, 
suppressing;  Yeteranio  and  Ncpotiau,  IX.-XL — Overthrow  and 
death  of  Siagnentius  ;  Gallxis  rcado  Ca;8ar,  XII.— Deaths  of  Gal] us. 
and  Sylvaaua,  XIII. — Jidian  cent  to  Gaol  by  Conatantius  with  the 
authority  of  Caesar;  hia  succeasea,  XIV.— Julian  made  emperor  J 
death  and  character  of  Consuvntius,  XV. — Julian's  expedition  t> 
the  east;  his  death  and  character,  XVI. — Jovian  caade  emperor  in 
the  east ;  hia  ill-fortune ;  he  cedes  a  portion  of  the  Roman  territory 
to  Sapor ;  his  death,  and  the  supposed  cauces  of  it,  XV IL  XVIII. 

I.  These  emperors,  then,  having  retired  from 'the  govern- 
ment of  the  state,  CoNSTA^'TlU3  and  Galkuius  were  made 
emperors ;  and  the  Roman  world  was  divided  between  theto 
in  such  a  manner,  that  Constantius  "had  Gaul,  Italy>  and 
Africa;  Galerius  Iliyricum,  Asia,  and  the- East:  two  Coesars 
being  joined  with  them.  Constantius,  however,  content  with 
the  dignity  of  emperor,  d^Iinod  the  care  of  governing  Africk 


•  '^**»-*w  'rj^JC'it., 


18 


EUTROPIUB. 


[b.x. 


I 


s^ 


CF.  ml 


A'RTlmn^frvT  c\v  pnv4v  WTRTfjRV. 


7JJ 


i-^^-^ 


■■■^fi^^^-  .'7 


78 


EUTROPIUB. 


[b  X. 


He  was  an  excelleut  man,  of  extreme  benevolence,  who  studied 
to  increase  the  resources  of  the  provinces  and  of  private 
pereons,  cared  but  little  for  the  improvement  of  the  public 
treasury,  and  used  to  say  tliat  **  it  was  better  for  the  national 
wealtli  to  be  in  the  hands  of  individuals  than  to  be  laid  up  in 
one  place  oif  confinement"  So  moderate  was  the  furniture  of 
his  house,  too,  that  if,  on  holidays,  he  had  to  entertain  a 
greateruumber  of  friends  than  ordinary,  his  dining-rooms  were 
set  out  with  the  plate  of  private  persons,  borrowed  from  their 
several  houses.  By  the  Gauls*  he  was  not  only  beloved 
but  venerated,  especially  because,  under  his  government,  they 
had  escaped  the  suspicious  prudence  of  Diocletian,  and  the 
sanguinary  rashness  of  Maximian.  He  died  in  Britain,  at 
York,  in  the  thirteenth  year  of  his  reign,  and  was  enrolled 
among  the  gods. 

II.  Galerius,  a  man  of  excellent  moral  character,  and  skil- 
ful in  military  affairs,  finding  that  Italy,  by  Constantius's 
permission,  was  put  under  his  government,  created  two 
Caesars,  Maximin,  whom  he  appointed  over  the  east,  and 
Severus,  to  whom  he  committed  Italy.  He  himself  resided 
in  lUyricuir  "^  But  after  the  death  of  Constaniius,  Constan 
TINE,  his  son  by  a  wife  of  obscure  birth,  was  made  emperor  in 
Britain,  and  succeeded  his  father  as  a  most  desirable  ruler. 
In  the  meantime  the  pratorian  guards  at  Rome,  having  risen 
in  insurrection,  declared  Maxenthts,  the  son  of  Maximian 
Herculius,  who  lived  in  the  Villa  Publicaf  not  far  from  the 
city,  emperor.  At  the  news  of  this  proceeding.  Maximian, 
filled  with  hopes  of  regaining  the  imperial  dignity,  which  he 
had  not  willingly  resigned,  hurried  to  Rome  from  Lucania, 
(which,  on  retiring  into  private  hfe,  he  had  chosen  for  his 
place  of  residence,  spenduig  his  old  age  in  a  most,  delightful 
country),  and  stimulated  Diocletian  by  letters  to  resume  the 
authority  that  he  had  laid  down,  letters  which  Diocletian 
utterly  disregarded.  Severus  Cesar,  being  despatched  to 
Rome  by  Galerius  to  suppress  the  rising  of  the  guards  and 
Maxentius,  arrived  there  with  his  anny,  but,  as  he  was  laying 
siege  to  the  city,  was  deserted  through  the  treachery  of  his 
so  diers. 

♦  He  had  reserved  Oaul  for  hia  own  peculiar  province. — Tztchucle. 
t  A  building  in  the  Campu3  Martiiu.  intended  chiefly  as  a  lodgiuf 
house  or  hotel  for  ambaaa^dord  from  foreign  nations. 


CH..m.X  ABRIDGMENT  OP  RO\L\N   HISTORY. 


79 


III.  The  power  of  Maxentius  was  thus  increased,  and  his 
government  established.  Severus,  taking  to  flight,  was  killed 
at  Ravenna.  Maximian  Herculius,  attempting  afterwards,  in 
an  assembly  of  the  army,  to  divest  his  son  Maxentius  of  his 
power,  met  with  nothing  but  mutiny  and  reproaches  from  the 
soldiery.  He  then  set  out  for  Gaul,  on  a  planned  stratagem, 
as  if  he  had  been  driven  away  by  his  son,  tliat  he  might  join 
his  son-in-law  Constantine,*  designing,  however,  if  he  could 
find  an  opportunity,  to  cut  off  Constantine,  who  avUs  ruling  in 
Gaul  with  great  approbation  both  of  the  soldiers  and  the 
people  of  the  province,  having  oveitlirown  the  Franks  and 
Alemanni  with  great  slaughter,  and  captured  their  kings, 
whom,  on  exhibiting  a  magnificent  sliow  of  games,  he  exi)osed 
to  wild  beasts.  But  the  plot  being  made  known  by  Maxi- 
miau's  daughter  Fausta,  who  communicated  the  design  to  her 
husband,  Maximian  was  cut  off  at  ^larseilles,  wlience  he  was 
preparing  to  sail  to  join  his  son,  and  died  a  well  deserved 
death  ;  for  he  was  a  man  inclined  to  every  kind  of  cruelly  and 
severity,  faithless,  penerse,  and  utterly  void  of  consideration 
for  others. 

IV.  At  this  time  Licinius,  a  native  oi  Dacia,  was  made 
emperor  by  Galerius,  to  whom  he  was  known  by  old  compa- 
nionship, and  recommended  by  his  vigorous  efforts  and  services 
in  the  war  which  he  had  conducted  against  Narseus.  The  death 
of  GaleriuB  followed  immediately  afterwards.  The  empire  was 
then  held  by  the  four  new  emperors,  Constantine  and  Maxen- 
tius, sons  of  emperors,  Licinius  and  Maximian,  sons  of  undistin- 
guisbed  men.  Constantine,  however,  in  the  fifth  year  of  his 
reign,  commenced  a  civil  war  with  Maxentius,  i-outed  his 
forces  in  several  battles,  and  at  last  overthrew  Maxentius 
himself  (when  he  was  spreading  death  among  the  nobility  by 
every  possible  kind  of  cruelty,t)  at  the  ]\Iilvian  bridge,  and 
made  himself  master  of  Ita.ly.  Not  long  aftf  r,  too,  Maximin, 
after  commencing  hostiUties  against  Licinius  in  the  oast,  anti- 
cipated the  destruction  that  was  falling  upon  him  by  an 
accidental  death  at  Tarsus. 

V.  Coxstanth^e,  being  a  man  of  gieat  energy,  bent  upon 
effecting  whatever  he  had  settled  in  his  mind,  and  aspiring  to 

•  Who  was  married  to  Maximian'a  daughter  Fausta. 
+  Adverfut  nobUej  omnibu*  exilii*  Bctvientcm.']  "  Kaglng  against  tht 
nobles  with  every  kind  of  destruction." 

M  M  * 


V- 


*^^2 


EUTR0PIU3. 


[book  X. 


the  sovereignty  of  the  whole  world,T)roceecIed  to  malve  war  on 
Licinius.  although  he  had  farmed  a  connexion  with  him  by 
marriftge,*  for  his  siiter  Constantia  was  married  to  Licinius. 
And  first  of  all  he  ^verlbrew  him,  by  a  sudden  attack,  at 
Oibala  in  Panuonia.  where  he  was  making  vast  preparntions 
for  war ;  and  after  becoming  master  of  Dardania,  Maesia,  and 
Macedonia.-took  possession  also  of  several  other  provinces. 

VI.  There  were  then  various  contests  between  them,  and 
peace  made  and  broken.  At  last  Licinius,  defeated  in  a  battle 
at  Nicomedia  by  sea  and  land,  surrendered  himself,  and,  in 
violation  of  an  oath  taken  by  Constantine,  was  put  to  death, 
after  being  divested  of  the  purple,  at  Thessalonica. 

At  this  time  the  Roman  empire  fell  under  the  sway  of  on© 
emperor  and  three  Caesars,  a  state  of  things  which  had  never 
existed  before ;  the  sons  of  Constantino  ruling  over  Gaul,  the 
east,  and  Italy.  But  the  pride  of  prosperity  caused  Constantino 
greatly  to  depart  from  his  former  agreeable  mildness  of  temper. 
Falling  first  upon  his  own  relatives,  he  put  to  death  his  son, 
an  excellent  man ;  his  sister's  son,  a  youth  of  amiable  disposi- 
tion ;  soon  afterwards  his  wife,  and  subeeijuently  many  of  his 

friends.  . 

VII.  He  was  a  man,  who,  in  the  beginmng  of  his  reign, 
might  have  been  compared  to  the  best  princes ;  in  the  latter 
part  of  it,  only  to  those  of  a  middling  character.  lunutaerabie 
good  qualities  of  mind  and  body  were  apparent  in  him ;  he 
was  exceedingly  ambitious  of  military  glory,  and  had  great 
success  in  his  wars ;  a  success,  however,  not  more  than  pro- 
porlioned  to  his  exertions.  After  he  had  terminated  the  Civil 
war,  he  also  overthrew  the  Goths  on  various  occasions,  granting 
them  at  last  peace,  and  leaving  on  the  minds  of  the  barbarians 
a  8tron«  remembrance  of  his  kindness.  He  was  attached  to 
the  arS  of  peace  and  to  liberal  studies,  and  was  ambitious  of 
honourable  popularity,  which  he.  indeed,  sought  by  every  kind 
of  liberality  and  obligingness.  Though  he  was  slow,  from 
suspicion,  to  8er\e  some  of  his  friends.t  yet  he  was  exceedingly 

•  Ntefmiudo  ULi  et  afinitcu  cum  to  euet^  He  had  a  nece»txt\uU)  or 
relationship  with  him,  which  relationship  was  an  aj^nitas,  or  alliance 
by  marriage.  Afinitas  ia  added,  a3  Tzichucke  observes,  to  explain 
ntccstitudo,  which,  consequently,  might  very  well  be  omitted. 

t  In  nonnuUus  amicot  dubiut.]  I  have  translated  thia  phrase  in 
conformity  with  the  explanation  of  the  old  interpreter  in  lo.  Anti- 
ochenus,  cited  by  Txschucke  :  irpof  nfOQ  ruv  yvwpi/itt/v  i/KoiXtQ  n 


,.* 


CH.  \T1I.]         ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN  HISTORT.. 


81 


generous  towftrds  othei-s,  neglecting  no  opportunitjTb,  add  to 
their  riches  and  honours. 

VIII.  He  enactted  many  laws,  some  good  and  equitable; 
but  most  of  them  superfluous,  and  some  severe.  He  was  the 
first  that  endeavoured  to  raise  the  city  named  after  him  ♦  to 
such  a  height  as  to  make  it  a  rival  to  Rome.  As  he  was  pre- 
paring for  war  against  the  Parthians,  who  were  then  disturbing 
Mesopotamia,  he  died  in  the  Villa  Publica^f  at  Nicomedia,  in 
the  thirty-first  year  of  his  reign,  and  the  sixty -sixth  of  his 
age.  His  d^ath  was  foretold  by  a  star  with  a  tail,  which 
shone  for  a  long  time,  of  extraordinary  size,  and  which  the 
Greeks  call  a  xo/Ajjrfjc  He  was  deservedly  enrolled  among 
the  gods. 

IX.  He  left  for  his  successors  three  sons  and  one  nephew, 
the  son  of  his  brother.  But  Dalmatius  C^sar,  a  man  of 
happy  genius,  and  not  unlike  his  brother,  was  soon  after  cut 
off  by  a  mutiny  among  the  soldiers,  Constantius,  his  cousin, 
sanctioning  the  act,  rather  thart  commanding  it.  The  ofl&cers 
of  Constans  also  put  to  death  Constantine,  when  he  was 
making  war  upon  his  brother,  and  had  rashly  commenced  an 
engagement  at  Aquileia.  Thus  the  government  was  left  in 
the  hands  of  two  emperors.  The  hile  of  Constans  was  for 
some  time  energetic  and  just,  but  aftei'wards,  falling  into  ill- 
heulth,  and  being  swayed  by  ill-designing  friends,  he  indulged 
in  great  vices ;  and,  becoming  intolerable  to  the  people  of  the 
provinces,  and  unpopular  with  the  soldiery,  was  killed  by  a 
party  headed  by  Magnentius.  He  died  not  far  from  the  borders 
of  Spain,  in  a  fortress  named  Helena,  in  the  seventeenth  year 
of  his  reign,  and  the  thirtieth  of  his  age ;  yet  not  till  he  had 
performed  many  gallant  actions  in  the  field,  and  had  made 
himself  feared  by  the  army  through  the  whole  course  of  bis 
life,  though  without  exercising  any  extraordinary  severity. 

X.  The  fortune  of  Constantius  was  different ;  for  he  suf- 
fered many  grievous  calamities  at  the  hands  of  the  Persians, 
his  towns  being  often  taken,  his  walled  cities  besieged,  and 
his  troops  cut  off.  Nor  had  he  a  single  successful  engagement 
with  Sapor,  except  that,  at  Singara,  when  victoiy  might 
certainly  have  been  his,  he  lost  it,  through  the  irrepressible 
eagerness  of  his  men,  who,  contrary  to  the  practice  of  war, 

♦  ConBtantinople. 

A  building  similar  to  the  one  at  Rome  mentioned  In  c  ^ 

M   M    2 


■v^^'^m 


jfs'^^,^'-;^' 


■ssfM^Sj?^ 


EUTH0PIU3. 


[BOOKX. 


mutinously  and  foolishly  called  for  battle  when  the  day  was 
declining.  After  the  death  of  Constans,  when  Maonextius 
held  the  government  of  Italy,  Africa,  and  Gaul,  Illyricum 
a] so  felt  some  ne'w  commotions,  Vetranio  being  elected  to 
the  throne  by  a  combination  of  the  soldiery,  whom  they  made 
emperor  when  he  waa  very  old  and  universally  popular  from 
the  length  and  success  of  his  service  in  the  field ;  an  upright 
man,  of  morality  severe  as  thrt  of  the  ancients,  and  of  an  agree- 
able unassumingnesa  of  manner,  but  so  ignorant  of  all  polite 
learning,  that  he  did  not  even  acquire  the  first  rudiments  of 
literature  until  he  waa  old  and  hed  become  emperor. 

XI.  But  the  imperial  authority  was  snatched  from  Vetranio 
by  Constantius,  who  stirred  up  a  civil  war  to  avenge  his 
brother's  death ;  Vetranio  being  compelled,  witli  the  consent 
of  the  soldiers,  and,  by  a  new  and  extraordinary  proceeding,  to 
divest  himself  of  the  purple.  There  was  at  the  same  lime  an 
insurrection  at  Rome.  Nepotianus,  a  son  of  Coustantine's 
sister,  endeavouring  to  secure  the  throne  with  the  aid  of  a 
body  of  gladiators ;  but  ho  met  with  an  end  such  as  his  savage 
attempts  merited,  for  he  was  cut  off  on  the  twenty-eighth 
day  of  his  usurpation  by  the  oflScers  of  Magnentius,  aud  paid 
the  penalty  of  his  rashness.  His  head  was  carried  through 
the  city  on  a  lance ;  and  dreadful  proscriptions  and  massacres 
of  the  nobility  ensued. 

XII.  Not  long  afterwards  Magnentius  was  overthrown  in  a 
battle  at  Mursa,*  and  nearly  taken  prisoner.  Vast  forces  of 
the  Roman  empire  were  cut  off  in  that  struggle,  sutlicient  f^r 
any  foreign  wars,  and  for  procuring  many  triumphs,  and  a 
lasting  peace.  Soon  after,  Gallus,  his  uncle's  sou,  wju 
appointed  by  Constantius,  as  Cssar,  over  the  east;  and 
Megnentius,  being  defeated  in  several  battles,  put  an  end  to  his 
life  at  Lyons,  in  the  third  year  and  sevenih  inoiUa  of  his  reirrn^ 
as  did  also  his  brother  at  Sen8,t  whom  he  had  sent  as  Caesar 
to  defend  Gaul. 

XIII.  About  this  time  the  Caesar  Gallus,  after  committing 
many  tyrannical  acts,  was  put  to  death  by  Constantius. 
Gallus  was  a  man  naturally  cruel,  and  too  much  inclined  to 
tyranny,  if  he  could   but  have  reigned  in  his  own  right 

•  See  ix.  8. 

t  Senonis.]  The  ablative  caae  'of  <Senon»,  oi-um,  pnvioualy '  called 
jLgfendicum,  now  Sent. 


.  *■.-  *  ■'.  5 


w^. 


CH^XVL]  ABWDGMENT  of  ROMAN  niSTOHT.  B3 

Silvanus  also,  who  attempted  an  insurrection}  in  Gaul,  was  cut 
off  before  the  end  of  thirty  days;  and  Constantius  then 
remained  sole  ruler  and  emperor  over  the  Roman  dominions. 

XIV.  He  then  sent  into  Gaul,  with  the  authority  of  C»sar, 
his  cousin  Julian,  the  brother  of  Gallus.  giving  him  his  sifter 
in  marriage  at  a  time  when  the  barbarians  had  stormed  many 
towns,  and  were  besieging  others,  when  there  was  every  whore 
direful  devastation,  and  when  the  Roman  empire  was  tottering 
in  evident  distress.  But  by  Julian,  with  hut  a  moderate  force, 
vaat  numbers  of  the  Alemanni  were  cut  off  at  Strasburg,  a  city 
of  Gaul ;  their  distinguished  king  was  taken  prisoner,  and 
Gaul  recovered.  Many  other  honourable  achievements,  too, 
were  afterwards  performed  by  Julian  against  the  barbarians, 
the  Germans  being  driven  beyond  the  Rhine,  and  the  Roman 
empire  extended  to  its  former  limits. 

XV.  Not  long  after,  when  the  German  armies  were  with- 
drawing from  the  defence  of  Gaul,  Julian  was  made  emperor  by 
the  unanimous  consent  of  the  army,  and,  after  the  lapse  of  a 
year,  went  to  take  the  government  of  Illyricum,  while  Con- 
stantius was  engaged  in  the  war  with  Parthia.  Constantius, 
hearing,what  had  occurred,  and  returning  to  the  civil  strife. 
died  on  his  march  between '  Cilicia  and  Cappadocia,  in  the 
thirty-eijjlith  year  of  his  reign,  and  the  forty-fifth  of  his  age. 
and  was  deservedly  enrolled  among  the  gods.  He  was  a  man 
of  a  remarkably  tranquil  disposition,  good-natured,  trusting  too 
much  to  his  friends  and  courtiers,  and  at  last  too  much  in  the 
power  of  his  wives.  He  conducted  himself  with  great  mode- 
ration in  the  commencement  of  his  reign;  he  enriched  his 
friends,  and  suffered  none,  whose  active  services  he  had 
experienced,  to  go  unrewarded.  He  was  however  somewhat 
incUned  to  severity,  whenever  any  suspicion  of  an  attempt  on 
the  government  was  excited  in  him  ;  otherwise  he  was  gentle. 
His  fortune  is  more  to  be  praised  in  civil  than  in  foreign 
wars. 

XVI.  Julian  then  became  sole  emperor,  and  made  war, 
with  a  vast  force,  upon  the  Parthians;  in  which  expedition  I  was 
also  present.  Several  towns  and  fortresses  of  the  Persians  he 
induced  to  surrender,  or  took  them  by  storm  ;  and,  having  laid 
waste  Assyria,  fixed  his  camp  for  some  time  at  Ctesiphon. 
As  he  waa  returning  victorious,  and  mingling  rashly  in  the 
thick  of  a  battle,  he  was  killed  by  the  hand  of  an  enemy,  on 


:;L.. 


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;-«Tvj.: 


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84 


EUTROriUS. 


[book  X. 


CH.  X^^IU.]        ABRIDGMENT  OF  ROMAN   HISTORY. 


a5 


the  26th  of  June,  in  the  seventh  year  of  his  reigna*  and 
the  thirty -second  of  his  age,  and  was  enrolled  among  the  godb. 
He  wa«  a  remarkable  man,  and  one  that  would  have  governed 
the  empire  with  honour,  if  he  had  but  been  permitted  by  the 
fates.  He  was  eminently  accomplished  in  hberal  branches  of 
knowledge,  but  better  read  in  the  literature  of  the  Greeks,  so 
much  so  indeed  that  his  Latin  was  by  no  means  comparable  to 
his  Greek  learning.  He  was  possessed  of  great  and  ready 
eloquence,  and  of  a  most  tenacious  memory.  In  some  respects 
he  was  more  hke  a  philosopher  than  a  prince.  Towards  his 
friends  he  was  liberal,  yet  less  discriminating  as  to  the  objects 
of  his  generosity  than  became  so  great  an  emperor ;  for  there 
were  some  of  them  that  cast  a  stain  on  his  glory.  To  the 
people  of  the  provinces  he  was  meet  just,  and  remitted  the 
taxes  on  them  as  far  as  was  possible.  He  was  indulgent 
towards  all  men ;  he  felt  no  great  anxiety  about  the  public 
treasury;  but  of  gloiy  he  was  a  great  lover,  and  manifested 
even  an  intemperate  desire  for  the  attainment  of  it.  He  was 
ft  persecutor  of  the  Christian  religion,  yet  so  that  he  abstained 
from  shedding  blood.  He  was  not  unlike  Marcus  Antoninus, 
whom  he  even  studied  to  rival. 

XVII.  After  him  Jovian,  who  attended  him  in  the  expe- 
dition as  one  of  his  body-guard,  was  chosen  by  the  suffrages 
of  the  soldiers  to  fill  the  throne  ;  a  man  better  known  to  ll)e 
army  by  the  fame  of  his  father  than  by  his  own.  As  affairs 
were  now  in  confusion,  and  the  army  distressed  for  want  of 
provisions,  Jovian,  after  being  defeated  in  one  or  two  battles 
by  the  Persians,  made  peace  with  Sapor,  a  peace  which  was 
necessary  indeed,  but  ignominious,  for  he  was  obliged  to  contract 
his  boundaries,  a  portion  of  the  Roman  dominions  being 
ceded  to  the  enemy;  a  disgrace  "which  had  never  occurred, 
before  his  time,  since  the  Roman  empire  had  been  founded, 
during  a  space  of  one  thousand  one  hundred  and  eighteen 
years.  And  though  our  legions  were  made  to  pass  under  the 
yoke,  both  at  Caudium  by  Pontus  Telesinus,*  at  Numantia 
m  Spain,  and  in  Numidia,  yet  no  part  of  the  Roman  territory 
was  given  up  on  any  of  those  occasions.  Such  terms  would 
not  have   been    altogetlier    reprehensible,    if   he  bad   been 

*  Thia  PontiuB  w  not  generally  called  Telesinus  ;  the  ether  Pontius, 
who  was  distiogtiished  as  leader  of*the  Saxxmitoa  in  the  Social  war,  had 
that  zuoae.    See  Florus,  iiL  Id. 


\ 


resolved,  when  it  should  be  in  his  power,  to  throw  off  the 
obligation  of  the  treaty,  as  was  done  by  the  Romans  in  all  the 
wars  that  I  have  mentioned ;  for  war  was  immediately  after 
made  upon  the  Samnites,  Numantines,  and  Numidians,  and  the 
peace  was  never  ratified.  But  being  in  dread,  as  long  as  ho 
remained  in  the  east,  of  a  rival  for  the  imperial  dignity,  he 
thought  too  little  of  his  glory.  After  marching  from  thence, 
accordingly,  and  directing  his  course  towards  lllyricum,  he 
died  suddenly  on  the  borders  of  Galatia.  He  was  a  man,  in 
other  parts  of  his  conduct,  deficient  neither  in  energy  nor 
understanding, 

XVIII.  Many  think  that  he  was  carried  off  by  a  violent  fit 
of  indigestion,  for  he  had  iud-ulged  in  delicacies  at  supper ; 
others  suppose  that  be  died  of  the  odour  of  his  chamber,  which, 
from  a  recent  plastering  of  lime,  was  dangerous  to  such  as 
slept  in  it ;  others  imagine  that  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  over- 
powering effects  of  charcoal,  which  he  had  ordered  to  be  burnt 
in  great  abundance  on  account  of  the  extreme  cold.  He  died 
in  tbd  seventh  month  of  his  reign,  on  the  18th  of  April, 
in  the  tmrty-third  year  of  his  age,*  and,  by  the  kindness  of 
the  emperors  that  succeeded  him,  was  enrolled  among  the 
gods ;  for  he  was  inclined  to  equity,  and  liberal  by  nature. 

Such  was  the  state  of  the  Roman  empire  in  the  consulship  of 
the  Emperor  Jovian  and  Varronianus,  in  the  year  one  thousand 
one  hundred  and  nineteen  from  the  foundation  of  the  city. 
But  as  we  have  now  come  to  illustrious  and  venerable  princes, 
we  shall  here  fix  a  limit  to  the  present  part  of  our  work  ;  for 
the  things  that  remain  must  be  told  in  a  more  elevated  style  ; 
and  we  do  not,  for  the  present,  so  much  omit  them,  as 
reserve  them  for  higher  efforts  in  writing. 

•  The  words  ut  qui  plunmum  minimum^tie  traduntf  which  occui 
bere,  are  not  translated.    See  uotA  on  i.  1. 


!l 


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